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neidan
Neidan, or internal alchemy〔The concept is often analogized with the "spiritual alchemy" of the West. Joseph Needham coined the term "anablastemic enchymoma" to translate the Chinese term "neidan"; anablastemic refers to the restoration of youth, and enchymoma refers to the elixir within. See: Peng Yoke Ho, (''Explorations in Daoism: Medicine And Alchemy in Literature'' ), Taylor & Francis, 2007, Pg. 2 and, Charles R. Stone, (''The Fountainhead of Chinese Erotica: The Lord of Perfect Satisfaction'' ), University of Hawaii Press, 2003, Pg. 180.〕 (), is an array of esoteric doctrines and physical, mental, and spiritual practices that Taoist initiates use to prolong life and create an immortal spiritual body that would survive after death.〔.〕 Also known as Jindan ("golden elixir"), inner alchemy combines theories derived from external alchemy (''waidan''), correlative cosmology (including the Five Phases), the emblems of the ''Yijing'', and medical theory, with techniques of Daoist meditation, daoyin gymnastics, and sexual hygiene.〔.〕
In Neidan the human body becomes a cauldron (or "ding") in which the Three Treasures of Jing ("Essence"), Qi ("Breath") and Shen ("Spirit") are cultivated for the purpose of improving physical, emotional and mental health, and ultimately returning to the primordial unity of the Tao, i.e., becoming an Immortal. It is believed the Xiuzhen Tu is such a cultivation map. In China, it is an important form of practice for most schools of Taoism.
==History and development==
Neidan is part of the Chinese alchemical meditative tradition that is said to have been separated into internal and external (''Waidan'') at some point during the Tang dynasty. The ''Cantong qi'' (The Kinship of the Three) is the earliest known book on theoretical alchemy in China; it was written by the alchemist Wei Boyang in 142 AD. This text influenced the formation of Neidan, whose earliest existing texts date from the first half of the 8th century. The authors of several Neidan articles refer to their teachings as the Way of the Golden Elixir (''jindan zhi dao''). The majority of Chinese alchemical sources is found in the ''Daozang'' (Taoist Canon), the largest collection of Taoist texts.
Neidan shares a significant portion of its notions and methods with classical Chinese medicine, ''fangshi'' and with other bodies of practices, such as meditation and the methods for "nourishing life" (''yangsheng''). What distinguishes alchemy from these related traditions is its unique view of the elixir as a material or immaterial entity that represents the original state of being and the attainment of that state. The Neidan tradition of internal alchemy is practiced by working with the energies that were already present in the human body as opposed to using natural substances, medicines or elixirs, from outside of the body. The Shangqing (Supreme Clarity) tradition of Daoism played an important role in the emergence of Neidan alchemy, after using Waidan mainly as a meditative practice, and therefore turning it from an external to an internal art.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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