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Neoconservatism (commonly shortened to neocon) is a political movement born in the United States during the 1960s among Democrats who became disenchanted with the party's domestic and especially foreign policy. Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. Neoconservatives peaked in influence during the administrations of George W. Bush, George H W Bush and Tony Blair, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Prominent neoconservatives in the Bush administration included Paul Wolfowitz, John Bolton, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, and Paul Bremer. Senior officials Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, while not identifying themselves as neoconservatives, listened closely to neoconservative advisers regarding foreign policy, especially the defense of Israel, the promotion of democracy in the Middle East, and the buildup of American military forces to achieve these goals. The neocons have influence in the Obama White House, and neoconservatism remains a staple in both Partys arsenal.〔Alexandra Homolar-Riechmann, "The moral purpose of US power: neoconservatism in the age of Obama." ''Contemporary Politics'' 15.2 (2009): 179-196. (abstract )〕〔Robert Singh, "Neoconservatism in the age of Obama,"" in Inderjeet Parmar and Linda B. Miller, eds., ''Obama and the World: New Directions in US Foreign Policy'' (Routledge 2014) pp 29-40〕 The term "neoconservative" refers to those who made the ideological journey from the anti-Stalinist Left to the camp of American conservatism.〔Justin Vaïsse, ''Neoconservatism: The biography of a movement'' (Harvard UP, 2010) pp 6-11.〕 Neoconservatives typically advocate the promotion of democracy and promotion of American national interest in international affairs, including by means of military force, and are known for espousing disdain for communism and for political radicalism.〔() ''Britannica – Academic Edition''. Retrieved 11 November 2012.〕〔()''www.merriam-webster.com/''. Retrieved 11 November 2012.〕 Many early neoconservative thinkers were Zionist and published articles in ''Commentary'', published by the American Jewish Committee.〔Murray Friedman, ''The neoconservative revolution: Jewish intellectuals and the shaping of public policy'' (Cambridge University Press, 2005)〕〔Benjamin Balint, ''Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine that Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right'' (PublicAffairs, 2010)〕 They spoke out against the New Left, and in that way helped define the movement.〔Gal Beckerman, in "The Neoconservatism Persuasion", ''The Forward,'' 6 January 2006.〕 C. Bradley Thompson, a professor at Clemson University, claims that most influential neoconservatives refer explicitly to the theoretical ideas in the philosophy of Leo Strauss (1899–1973),〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title= Neoconservatism Unmasked ) 〕 though in doing so they may draw upon meaning that Strauss himself did not endorse. ==Terminology== The term "neoconservative" was popularized in the United States during 1973 by Socialist leader Michael Harrington, who used the term to define Daniel Bell, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and Irving Kristol, whose ideologies differed from Harrington's.〔 Cited in: 〕 The "neoconservative" label was used by Irving Kristol in his 1979 article "Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed 'Neoconservative.'"〔 His ideas have been influential since the 1950s, when he co-founded and edited the magazine ''Encounter''.〔 〕 Another source was Norman Podhoretz, editor of the magazine ''Commentary'' from 1960 to 1995. By 1982 Podhoretz was terming himself a neoconservative, in a ''New York Times Magazine'' article titled "The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy". During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the neoconservatives considered that liberalism had failed and "no longer knew what it was talking about," according to E. J. Dionne. Seymour Lipset asserts that the term "neoconservative", was used originally by a socialist to criticize the politics of Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA).〔 〕 Jonah Goldberg argues that the term is ideological criticism against proponents of American modern liberalism who had become slightly more conservative〔 〕 (Both Lipset and Goldberg are frequently described as neoconservatives). Historian Justin Vaisse, in a book-length study for Harvard University Press, writes that Lipset and Goldberg are in error: "neoconservative" was used by socialist Michael Harrington to describe three men - noted above - who were not in SDUSA, and neoconservatism is a definable political movement.〔(Barry Gewen, "Leave No War Behind" The New York Times Book Review, 11 June 2010 )〕 The term "neoconservative" was the subject of increased media coverage during the presidency of George W. Bush,〔Marshall, J.M. ("Remaking the World: Bush and the Neoconservatives" ). From ''Foreign Affairs,'' November/December 2003. Retrieved 1 December 2008.〕〔Fukuyama, F. (19 February 2006). (After Neoconservatism ). ''New York Times Magazine.'' Retrieved 1 December 2008.〕 with particular emphasis on a perceived neoconservative influence on American foreign policy, as part of the Bush Doctrine.〔''see'' "Administration of George W. Bush".〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「neoconservatism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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