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A neologism (; from Greek νέο- ''néo-'', "new" and λόγος ''lógos'', "speech, utterance") is the name for a relatively new or isolated term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use, but that has not yet been accepted into mainstream language.〔Malmkjaer, Kirsten. (Ed.) (2006) ''The Linguistics Encyclopedia''. eBook edition. London & New York: Routledge, p. 601. ISBN 0-203-43286-X〕 Neologisms are often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event. Neolexia ("new word", or the act of creating a new word) is a synonym. The term ''neologism'' is first attested in English in 1772, borrowed from French ''néologisme'' (1734).〔''Oxford English Dictionary'', draft revision Dec. 2009, (''s.v.'' )〕 A proponent of a new word or doctrine may be called a neologist. Neologists might study cultural and ethnic vernacular. A neologism may also be a new usage of an existing word,〔Sally Barr Ebest ''Writing from A to Z: the easy-to-use reference handbook'' 1999– Page 449 "A neologism is a newly coined word or phrase or a new usage of an existing word or phrase."〕〔Lynne Bowker, Jennifer Pearson ''Working With Specialized Language'' 2002 Page 214 "Neologisms can also be formed in another way, however, by assigning a new meaning to an existing word."〕 sometimes called a semantic extension.〔Ole Nedergaard Thomsen ''Competing models of linguistic change: evolution and beyond'' 2006 – Page 68 "Extensions, by contrast, are applications of extant means in new usage. Note that since individual speakers differ in their command of their shared tradition of speaking, one person's Extension may be experienced by another as a Neologism"〕〔Michael D. Picone ''Anglicisms, Neologisms and Dynamic French'' 1996 – Page 3 "Proceeding now to the task of defining terms, I will begin with the more general term 'neologism'. ...A neologism is any new word, morpheme or locution and any new meaning for a preexistent word, morpheme or locution that appears in a language. ... Likewise, any semantic extension of a preexistent word, morpheme or locution.. but is also, by accepted definition, a neologism."〕 This is distinct from a person's ''idiolect'', one's unique patterns of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. In psychiatry, the term ''neologism'' is used to describe the use of words that have meaning only to the person who uses them, independent of their common meaning.〔G. E. Berrios (2009) Neologisms. ''History of Psychiatry'' 20: 480–496〕 This tendency is considered normal in children, but in adults it can be a symptom of psychopathy〔"Most of us are able to combine ideas so that they are consistent with some underlying theme, but psychopaths seem to have difficulty doing so. This helps to explain the wild inconsistencies and contradictions that frequently characterize their speech. It may also account for their use of neologisms (combining the basic components of words – syllables – in ways that seem logical to them but inappropriate to others)." Robert D. Hare (1999), ''Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us''. Guildford Press, (p. 137 )〕 or a thought disorder (indicative of a psychotic mental illness, such as schizophrenia).〔P. J. McKenna, Schizophrenia and Related Syndromes. Page 363.〕 People with autism also may create neologisms.〔(Neologisms and idiosyncratic language in autistic speakers ). J Autism Dev Disord. 1991 Jun;21(2):109-30.〕 Additionally, use of neologisms may be related to aphasia acquired after brain damage resulting from a stroke or head injury.〔B Butterworth, Hesitation and the production of verbal paraphasias and neologisms in jargon aphasia. Brain Lang, 1979〕 In theology, a neologism is a relatively new doctrine (for example, Transcendentalism). In this sense, a neologist is one who proposes either a new doctrine or a new interpretation of source material such as religious texts.〔Wood, J., "The Nuttall Encyclopædia: Being a Concise and Comprehensive Dictionary of General Knowledge" (1907), ()〕 ==From literature== Neologisms may come from popular literature in different forms. Sometimes, they are simply taken from a word used in the narrative of a book; a few representative examples are "grok" (to achieve complete intuitive understanding), from ''Stranger in a Strange Land'' by Robert A. Heinlein; "McJob," from ''Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture'' by Douglas Coupland; "cyberspace," from ''Neuromancer'' by William Gibson; and "nymphet" from ''Lolita'' by Vladimir Nabokov. Other times the title of a book becomes the neologism, for instance, ''Catch-22'' (from the title of Joseph Heller's novel). Alternatively, the author's name may become the neologism, although the term is sometimes based on only one work of that author. This includes such words as "Orwellian" (from George Orwell, referring to his novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four''), "Kafkaesque" (from Franz Kafka, author and philosopher most renowned for ''The Metamorphosis'') and "Ballardesque" or "Ballardian" (from J. G. Ballard, author of ''Crash''). The word "sadistic" is derived from the cruel sexual practices Marquis de Sade described in his novels. Kurt Vonnegut's ''Cat's Cradle'' was the container of the Bokononism family of nonce words. Another category is words derived from famous characters in literature, such as ''quixotic'' (referring to the titular character in ''Don Quixote de la Mancha'' by Cervantes), a ''scrooge'' (from the main character in Dickens's ''A Christmas Carol''), or a ''pollyanna'' (from Eleanor H. Porter's book of the same name). James Joyce's ''Finnegans Wake'', composed in a uniquely complex linguistic style, coined the words ''monomyth'' and ''quark''. Neologisms have been noted as instrumental in science fiction for their ability to defamiliarize the reader and create new worlds. William Gibson makes important use of neologism in his writing.〔Dunn, Robin. 2003: "The Generative Edge." Foundation 87 (2003): 73–93.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「neologism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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