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nephilim
The Nephilim ((ヘブライ語:נְפִילִים), sing. נָפִיל, ''Naphíl'' or ''Naphil'') were offspring of the "sons of God" and the "daughters of men" before the Deluge according to ; the name is also used in reference to giants who inhabited Canaan at the time of the Israelite conquest of Canaan according to . A similar biblical Hebrew word with different vowel-sounds is used in to refer to dead Philistine warriors.
==Etymology==
The Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon gives the meaning of Nephilim as "giants".〔''Brown Driver Briggs Hebrew Lexicon'' p. 658; Strongs H5307〕 Many suggested interpretations are based on the assumption that the word is a derivative of Hebrew verbal root ''n-ph-l'' "fall". Robert Baker Girdlestone 〔Girdlestone R. ''Old Testament Synonyms'' p. 54〕 argued the word comes from the Hiphil causative stem, implying that the Nephilim are to be perceived as "those that cause others to fall down". Adam Clarke took it as a perfect participle, "fallen", "apostates". Ronald Hendel states that it is a passive form "ones who have fallen", equivalent grammatically to ''paqid'' "one who is appointed" (i.e., overseer), ''asir'', "one who is bound", (i.e., prisoner) etc.〔Hendel R. ed. Auffarth Christoph; Loren T. Stuckenbruck ''The Fall of the Angels'' Brill (22 Feb 2004) ISBN 978-90-04-12668-8 p. 21, 34〕〔Marks, Herbert "Biblical Naming and Poetic Etymology" ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', Vol. 114, No. 1 (Spring, 1995), pp. 21–42〕 According to the Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon, the basic etymology of the word Nephilim is "dub()", and various suggested interpretations are "all very precarious".〔''Brown Driver Briggs Hebrew Lexicon'' p. 658〕
The majority of ancient biblical versions, including the Septuagint, Theodotion, Latin Vulgate, Samaritan Targum, Targum Onkelos and Targum Neofiti, interpret the word to mean "giants". Symmachus translates it as "the violent ones"〔The Greek text reads 'οι βιαιοι; the singular root βιαιος means "violence" or "forcible" ((Liddell & Scott. ''Greek-English Lexicon,'' 1883.) )〕 and Aquila's translation has been interpreted to mean either "the fallen ones"〔 or "the ones falling (their enemies )".〔
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