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niyama
Niyama ((サンスクリット:नियम)) literally means positive duties or observances.〔Donald Moyer, Asana, Yoga Journal, Volume 84, January/February 1989, page 36〕 In Indian traditions, particularly Yoga, ''niyamas'' are recommended activities and habits for healthy living, spiritual enlightenment and liberated state of existence.〔 It has multiple meanings depending on context in Hinduism. In Buddhism, the term extends to the determinations of nature, as in the Buddhist ''niyama dhammas''. In Pāli the spelling ''niyāma'' is often used.〔Pali English Dictionary, s.v. ''niyāma''.〕
==Hinduism==
Virtues are extensively discussed in various ancient and medieval era texts of Hinduism. In its Yoga school, they are described in first two of eight limbs (steps, branches, components). The first limb is called ''yamas'', which include virtuous self-restraints (the "don'ts"). The second limb is called ''niyamas'' which include virtuous habits, behaviors and observances (the "dos").〔N Tummers (2009), Teaching Yoga for Life, ISBN 978-0736070164, page 13-16〕〔Y Sawai (1987), (The Nature of Faith in the Śaṅkaran Vedānta Tradition ), Numen, Vol. 34, Fasc. 1 (Jun., 1987), pages 18-44〕 These virtues and ethical premises are considered in Hinduism as necessary for an individual to achieve a self-realized, enlightened, liberated state of existence (moksha).〔KH Potter (1958), (Dharma and Mokṣa from a Conversational Point of View ), Philosophy East and West, 8(1/2): 49-63〕
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