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nocebo
In medicine, a nocebo (Latin for "I shall harm") is an inert substance or form of therapy that creates harmful effects in a patient. The nocebo effect is the adverse reaction experienced by a patient who receives such a therapy. Conversely, a placebo is an inert substance or form of therapy that creates a beneficial response in a patient. The phenomenon by which a placebo creates a beneficial response is called the placebo effect. In contrast to the placebo effect, the nocebo effect is relatively obscure.
Both nocebo and placebo effects are presumably psychogenic. Rather than being caused by a biologically active component of the placebo, these reactions might result from a patient's expectations and perceptions of how the substance will affect them. Though they presumably originate from psychological sources, nocebo effects can be either psychological or physiological. Statistical effects like that of the law of large numbers have also been proposed as explanation for both placebo or nocebo.
==Etymology==
The term ''nocebo'' (Latin ''nocēbō'', "I shall harm", from ''noceō'', "I harm")〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nocebo ) 〕 was coined by Walter Kennedy in 1961 to denote the counterpart of one of the more recent applications of the term ''placebo'' (Latin ''placēbō'', "I shall please", from ''placeō'', "I please");〔 〕 a placebo being a substance that produced a beneficial, healthful, pleasant, or desirable effect as a result of the subject's beliefs and expectations, in spite of not containing any active ingredients that could explain these effects.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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