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nonkilling
Nonkilling refers to the absence of killing, threats to kill, and conditions conducive to killing in human society.〔(Glenn D. Paige, ''Nonkilling Global Political Science.'' Center for Global Nonkilling, 2002; 3rd ed. 2009, page 1 )〕 Even though the use of the term in the academic world refers mostly to the killing of human beings, it is sometimes extended to include the killing of animals and other forms of life.〔V. K. Kool and Rita Agrawal, "The Psychology of Nonkilling", in ''Toward a Nonkilling Paradigm'', edited by Joám Evans Pim. Honolulu: Center for Global Nonkilling, 2009 .〕 This is also the case for the traditional use of the term "nonkilling" (or "non-killing") as part of Buddhist ethics, as expressed in the first precept of the Pancasila,〔Stewart McFarlane in Peter Harvey, ed., ''Buddhism.'' Continuum, 2001, page 187. Buddhist Scriptures in Pali language have explicit reference to nonviolence and nonkilling: monks should not only themselves abstain from killing but should also refrain from encouraging other people to kill themselves (Vinayapitaka III: .71-74)〕 and in similar terms throughout world spiritual traditions. (See Nonkilling studies). Significantly, "nonkilling" has also been used recently in the "Charter for a World without Violence"〔(8th World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates, ''Charter for a World without Violence.'' Rome, December 15, 2007. )〕 approved by the 8th World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates.〔"To address all forms of violence we encourage scientific research in the fields of human interaction and dialogue and we invite participation from the academic, scientific and religious communities to aid us in the transition to nonviolent, and nonkilling societies".〕
==Terms==
In analysis of its causes, nonkilling encompasses the concepts of peace (absence of war and conditions conducive to war), nonviolence (psychological, physical, and structural), and ahimsa (noninjury in thought, word and deed).〔"Nonkilling Global Society", in Peace Building, edited by Ada Aharoni, in ''Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)'', Developed under the auspices of the UNESCO, 2005, (Eolss Publishers, Oxford ).〕 Not excluding any of the latter, nonkilling provides a distinct approach characterized by the measurability of its goals and the open-ended nature of its realization. While the usage of terms such as "nonviolence" and "peace" often follow the classical form of argument through abstract ideas leading to passivity, killing (and its opposite, nonkilling), it can be quantified and related to specific causes by following a public health perspective (prevention, intervention and post-traumatic transformation toward the progressive eradication of killing).〔http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/〕
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