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nummus
''Nummus'' ((ギリシア語:νουμμίον), ''noummion''), plural ''nummi'' () is a Latin term meaning "coin", but used technically by modern writers for a range of low-value copper coins issued by the Roman and Byzantine empires during Late Antiquity. It comes from the Greek "nomos",〔(Klose, Dietrich (Munich). "Nummus." Brill’s New Pauly. Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Brill Online, 2015 ). Retrieved 02 June 2015〕 which was used to describe a coin in some parts of southern Italy. The word was also used during the later years of the Roman Republic and the early Empire, either as a general word for a coin, or to describe the sestertius, which was the standard unit for keeping accounts.
==History==
In circa 294, during the Tetrarchy, a new large bronze coin of circa 10 grams weight and 30 mm diameter appeared. Its official name was apparently ''nummus'', although it has until recently been known among numismatists as the ''follis''.〔.〕 The term ''nummus'' is now usually applied solely to the 5th–7th century Byzantine issues. These were small, badly struck coins, weighing less than 1 gram, forming the lowest denomination of Byzantine coinage. They were valued officially at 1⁄7,200 of the gold ''solidus'' but more usually rated to 1⁄6,000 or 1⁄12,000.〔 The ''nummus'' usually featured the profile of the reigning Byzantine emperor on the obverse and the Byzantine imperial monogram on the reverse, although some coins of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) display its numerical value by the Greek numeral "A" instead.〔
In 498, Emperor Anastasius I (r. 491–518) reformed the coinage (carried out by the ''comes sacrarum largitionum'' John the Paphlagonian〔.〕) by introducing multiples of the ''nummus'', with denominations of 40 ''nummi'', also known as a ''follis'', 20 ''nummi'' (''semifollis''), 10 ''nummi'' (Greek: δεκανούμμιον, ''decanummium''). These were also marked with Greek numerals representing their value: "M" for the ''follis'', "K" for the ''semifollis'' and "I" for the ''decanummium''. On the other hand, it appears that issue of the simple ''nummus'' was discontinued.〔.〕 In 513, the weights of these coins were doubled, the ''pentanummium'' (Greek: πεντανούμμιον, 5-''nummi'' coin marked with "E") introduced, and the minting of single ''nummi'' resumed.〔.〕
In 538/539, Emperor Justinian I introduced further changes to the 40-''nummi'' ''follis'', raising its weight to 25 grams. It was reduced again to 22.5 grams in 541/542, and further reductions followed until the century's end. At this time, a new 30-''nummi'' coin (marked with "Λ" or "XXX") was introduced, but the single ''follis'' had ceased to be struck at Constantinople. It survived in the Exarchate of Carthage well into the 7th century however.〔〔.〕 During the 7th century, the successive military and financial crises led to increased reduction in the weight and a marked deterioration of the quality of bronze coinage; by the time of Emperor Constans II (r. 641–668), a ''follis'' weighed only 3 grams. Consequently, the denominations lower than the ''semifollis'' were practically unmintable and abandoned.〔.〕 Thereafter, the term ''nummus'' remained in use as a notional unit for 1⁄6,000 of the ''solidus'', and in colloquial usage for "small change".〔
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