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obconic
In botany, an obconic is an inverted cone shape. The term is most frequently applied to certain fruit or hypanthium structures with the apical end attached to the stem; however, less frequently the usage may apply to the pistil structure. In the case of fungi the designation is often made to the ascospore. The use of ''obconic'' in botany dates to at least as early as the nineteenth century; however, some modern usage applies to an entire plant form, such as the shape of a whole shrub.〔Annette J.G. Wilson, Alexander S. George, Anthony E. Orchard (2001) ''Flora of Australia'', Published by ABRS/CSIRO ISBN 0-643-06720-5〕 More broadly, in geometry or design, the term can be assigned in an abstract manner to shapes in the natural or man-made world which show an inverted cone design.
==Botanical examples==
The carnivorous plant ''Nepenthes deaniana'' has pitcher elements that are obconic in shape to capture insects.〔M.R. Cheek and M.H.P. Jebb (1999) ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines. ''Kew Bulletin'' 54(4): 887–895. 〕 The hypanthium of the western USA plant ''Heuchera rubescens'' has one subspecies with an obconic structure, while several other subspecies have alternative hypantium geometries, so that the obconic characteristic is a subspecies determinant and diagnostic.〔Willis Linn Jepson and James C. Hickman (1993) ''The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California'', Published by University of California Press, 1400 pages ISBN 0-520-08255-9〕 The hypanthium of the Toyon shrub is also generally obconic in shape.〔C. Michael Hogan (2008) ''Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)'', GlobalTwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg ()〕 The Asian tree ''Eriobotrya latifolia'' and several other species within the genus ''Eriobotrya'' have an obconic calyx, although some individuals manifest clavate calices.〔Joseph Dalton Hooker (1879) ''The Flora of British India'', Great Britain India Office, Published by L. Reeve〕 The basal portion of the pistil of ''Pachypodium baronii exhibits the obconic structural design.
As a fungal example the species ''Pocillum cesatii'' is noted to have an obconic ascospore.〔George Massee (1895) ''British Fungus-flora: A Classified Text-book of Mycology''〕
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