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Oboes are a family of double reed woodwind musical instruments. The most common oboe plays in the treble or soprano range. Oboes are usually made of wood, but there are also oboes made of synthetic materials. A soprano oboe measures roughly long, with metal keys, a conical bore and a flared bell. Sound is produced by blowing into the reed and vibrating a column of air. The distinctive oboe tone is versatile, and has been described as "bright".〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.vsl.co.at/en/70/3161/3168/3169/5562.vsl )〕 When the term ''oboe'' is used alone, it is generally taken to mean the standard treble instrument rather than other instruments of the family, such as the ''cor anglais'' (English horn) or the oboe ''d'amore''. In English, prior to 1770, the standard instrument was called a "hautbois", "hoboy", or "French hoboy" (pronounced , borrowed from the French name, a compound word made of ''haut'' ("loud" ) and ''bois'' ("woodwind" )).〔Marcuse 1975, 371.〕 The spelling of ''oboe'' was adopted into English c. 1770 from the Italian ''oboè'', a transliteration in that language's orthography of the 17th-century pronunciation of the French name. A musician who plays the oboe is called an "oboist" or simply an "Oboe Player." Today, the oboe is commonly used in concert bands, orchestras, chamber music, film music, in some genres of folk music, and as a solo instrument, and is occasionally heard in jazz, rock music, pop music, and popular music. ==Sound== In comparison to other modern woodwind instruments, the treble oboe is sometimes referred to as having a clear and penetrating voice. ''The Sprightly Companion'', an instruction book published by Henry Playford in 1695, describes the oboe as "Majestical and Stately, and not much Inferior to the Trumpet." Humorously, the oboe is described in the play ''Angels in America'' as sounding like "that of a duck if the duck were a songbird".〔Kushner 1993, 167: "The oboe: official instrument of the International Order of Travel Agents. If the duck was a songbird it would sing like this. Nasal, desolate, the call of migratory things."〕 The rich timbre of the oboe is derived from its conical bore (as opposed to the generally cylindrical bore of flutes and clarinets). As a result, oboes are readily audible over other instruments in large ensembles. Music for the standard oboe is written in concert pitch (i.e., it is not a transposing instrument), and the instrument has a soprano range, usually from B3 up to G6. Orchestras normally tune to a concert A played by the oboe. According to the League of American Orchestras, this is done because the pitch of the oboe is secure and its penetrating sound makes it ideal for tuning purposes.〔("About the Orchestra" ) American League of Orchestras, (accessed January 1, 2009).〕 The pitch of the regular oboe is affected by the way in which the reed is made. The reed has a significant effect on the sound of the instrument. Variations in cane and other construction materials, the age of the reed, and differences in scrape and length all affect the pitch of the instrument. German and French reeds, for instance, differ in many ways, causing the sound of the oboe to vary accordingly. Weather conditions such as temperature and humidity also affect the pitch. Skilled oboists adjust their embouchure to compensate for these factors. Subtle manipulation of embouchure and air pressure allows the player to express timbre and dynamics. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「oboe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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