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oligarchy
Oligarchy (; )〔("ὀλίγος" ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library〕〔("ἄρχω" ), Liddell/Scott.〕〔("ὀλιγαρχία" ). Liddell/Scott.〕 is a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small number of people. These people might be distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, education, corporate, religious or military control. Such states are often controlled by a few prominent families who typically pass their influence from one generation to the next, but inheritance is not a necessary condition for the application of this term.
Throughout history, oligarchies have often been tyrannical, relying on public obedience or oppression to exist. Aristotle pioneered the use of the term as a synonym for rule by the rich,〔Winters (2011) p. 37〕 for which another term commonly used today is plutocracy.
Especially during the fourth century BC, after the restoration of democracy from oligarchical coups, the Athenians used the drawing of lots for selecting government officers in order to counteract what the Athenians saw as a tendency toward oligarchy in government if a professional governing class were allowed to use their skills for their own benefit.〔Hansen, Mogens Herman (1991). ''The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes''. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631180173. 〕 They drew lots from large groups of adult volunteers as a selection technique for civil servants performing judicial, executive, and administrative functions (''archai'', ''boulē'', and ''hēliastai'').〔Bernard Manin. ''Principles of Representative Government''. pp. 11-24 (1997).〕 They even used lots for posts, such as judges and jurors in the political courts (''nomothetai''), which had the power to overrule the Assembly.〔Manin (1997), pp. 19-23.〕
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