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optoisolator
In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light.〔Graf, p. 522.〕 Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal.〔Lee et al., p. 2.〕 Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV〔Hasse, p. 145.〕 and voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs.〔
A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
==History==
The value of optically coupling a solid state light emitter to a semiconductor detector for the purpose of electrical isolation was recognized in 1963 by Akmenkalns,et al. (US patent 3,417,249). Photoresistor-based opto-isolators were introduced in 1968. They are the slowest, but also the most linear isolators and still retain a niche market in audio and music industry. Commercialization of LED technology in 1968–1970 caused a boom in optoelectronics, and by the end of the 1970s the industry developed all principal types of opto-isolators. The majority of opto-isolators on the market use bipolar silicon phototransistor sensors.〔Graf, p. 522; PerkinElmer, p. 28.〕 They attain medium data transfer speed, sufficient for applications like electroencephalography.〔See Ananthi, pp. 56, 62 for a practical example of an opto-coupled EEG application.〕 The fastest opto-isolators use PIN diodes in photoconductive mode.
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