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orans
Orans, a loanword from Medieval Latin translated as ''one who is praying or pleading'', also Orant or Orante, is a posture or bodily attitude of prayer, usually standing, with the elbows close to the sides of the body and with the hands outstretched sideways, palms up. It was common in early Christianity and can frequently be seen in early Christian art. In modern times, the orans position is still preserved within parts of the Orthodox, Lutheran and Catholic liturgies, Pentecostal and charismatic worship, and the ascetical practices of some religious groups.
==History==
The orans posture was practiced by both pagans and Jews before it was adopted by the earliest Christians. Christians saw the position as representing the posture of Christ on the Cross; therefore, it was the favorite one of early Christians. Until the 9th century, the posture was sometimes adopted by entire congregations while celebrating the Eucharist.〔Stephen Burns, ''SCM Studyguide to Liturgy'' (Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd, 2006), 62.〕 By the 12th century, however, the joining of hands began to replace the orans posture as the preferred position for prayer. It continued to be used at certain points in the liturgies of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. In the Catholic Mass, it occurs at the orations, the Canon, and the Lord's Prayer.〔"Liturgical Gestures." ''New Catholic Encyclopedia''. 2nd ed. Vol. 8. Detroit: Gale, 2003. 646-650. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Feb. 2012.〕
In the 20th century, the orans posture experienced a revival as a result of its widespread use within Pentecostalism and Charismatic Christianity. Often associated with contemporary worship, the orans posture is once again becoming a common gesture of worship among many Christian groups.〔〔Paul Harvey and Philip Goff, ''The Columbia documentary history of religion in America since 1945'' (Columbia University Press, 2005), 347.〕〔Larry Witham, ''Who shall lead them?: the future of ministry in America'' (Oxford University Press, Jul 1, 2005), 134.〕
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