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organum
Organum〔Latin: "an implement, instrument, engine of any kind", of musical instruments, "a pipe", of hydraulic engines, "an organ, water-organ"; "an implement, instrument"; "a musical instrument" from Greek: ὄργανον, () "instrument, implement, tool, for making or doing a thing" "organ of sense or apprehension", "musical instrument", "surgical instrument", "work or product", "instrument of philosophy" "instrument or table of calculations" — ; ; .〕 () is, in general, a plainchant melody with at least one added voice to enhance the harmony, developed in the Middle Ages. Depending on the mode and form of the chant, a supporting bass line (or ''bourdon'') may be sung on the same text, the melody may be followed in parallel motion (parallel organum), or a combination of both of these techniques may be employed. As no real independent second voice exists, this is a form of heterophony. In its earliest stages, organum involved two musical voices: a Gregorian chant melody, and the same melody transposed by a consonant interval, usually a perfect fifth or fourth. In these cases the composition often began and ended on a unison, the added voice keeping to the initial tone until the first part has reached a fifth or fourth, from where both voices proceeded in parallel harmony, with the reverse process at the end. Organum was originally improvised; while one singer performed a notated melody (the ''vox principalis''), another singer—singing "by ear"—provided the unnotated second melody (the ''vox organalis''). Over time, composers began to write added parts that were not just simple transpositions, thus creating true polyphony.
== History ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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