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An orthography is a set of conventions for how to write a language. It includes rules of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. Most significant languages in the modern era are written down, and for most such languages a standard orthography has developed, often based on a standard variety of the language, and thus exhibiting less dialect variation than the spoken language. Sometimes there may be variation in a language's orthography, as between American and British spelling in the case of English orthography. In some cases orthography is regulated by bodies such as language academies, although for many languages (including English) there are no such authorities, and orthography develops through more democratic processes. Orthography is distinct from ''typography'', which is concerned with principles of typesetting. == Etymology and meaning == The English word ''orthography'' dates from the 15th century. It comes from the French ''orthographie'', from Latin ''orthographia'', which derives from Greek ὀρθός ''orthós'', "correct", and γράφειν ''gráphein'', "to write".〔(orthography ), Online Etymology Dictionary〕 Orthography is largely concerned with matters of spelling, and in particular the relationship between phonemes and graphemes in a language.〔Seidenberg, Mark S. 1992. "Beyond Orthographic Depth in Reading: Equitable Division of Labor." In: Ram Frost & Leonard Katz (eds.). ''Orthography, Phonology, Morphology, and Meaning'', pp. 85–118. Amsterdam: Elsevier, p. 93.〕〔Donohue, Mark. 2007. "Lexicography for Your Friends." In Terry Crowley, Jeff Siegel, & Diana Eades (eds.). ''Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic Indulgence in Memory of Terry Crowley.'' pp. 395–406. Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 396.〕 Other elements that may be considered part of orthography include hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation.〔Coulmas, Florian. 1996. ''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems''. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 379.〕 Orthography thus describes or defines the set of symbols used in writing a language, and the rules about how to use those symbols. Most natural languages developed as oral languages, and writing systems have usually been crafted or adapted as ways of representing the spoken language. The rules for doing this tend to become standardized for a given language, leading to the development of an orthography that is generally considered "correct". In linguistics the term ''orthography'' is often used to refer to any method of writing a language, without judgment as to right and wrong, with a scientific understanding that orthographic standardization exists on a spectrum of strength of convention. The original sense of the word, though, implies a dichotomy of correct and incorrect, and the word is still most often used to refer specifically to a thoroughly standardized, prescriptively correct, way of writing a language. A distinction may be made here between ''etic'' and ''emic'' viewpoints: the purely descriptive (etic) approach, which simply considers any system that is actually used—and the emic view, which takes account of language users' perceptions of correctness. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「orthography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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