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pachyosteosclerosis
Pachyosteosclerosis is a combination of thickening (pachyostosis) and densification (osteosclerosis) of bones.〔Domning, D. P. and V. Debuffrenil (1991). Hydrostasis in the Sirenia - Quantitative Data and Functional Interpretations. Marine Mammal Science 7(4): 331-368.〕 It makes bones more heavy, but also more fragile. The condition often occurs in aquatic vertebrates, especially those living in shallow waters,〔Houssaye, A. (2009). "Pachyostosis" in aquatic amniotes: a review. Integrative Zoology 4(4): 325-340.〕 creating ballast as an adaptation for maintaining neutral buoyancy and horizontal trim. It is in no way pathological. To resist roll, it frequently is found especially in ventral bones.
Examples of animals showing pachyosteosclerosis are seacows〔de Buffrenil, V., A. Canoville, R. D'Anastasio and D. P. Domning (2010). Evolution of Sirenian Pachyosteosclerosis, a Model-case for the Study of Bone Structure in Aquatic Tetrapods. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 17(2): 101-120.〕 (dugongs and manatees), the extinct Plesiosauria and Mesosauria〔 and extinct aquatic sloths.〔Amson, E., C. de Muizon, M. Laurin, C. Argot and V. de Buffrenil (2014). Gradual adaptation of bone structure to aquatic lifestyle in extinct sloths from Peru. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 281.〕
==See also==
* Pachyostosis
* Osteosclerosis
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