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A pacifier (American English), dummy (United Kingdom, other Commonwealth countries and Ireland), binky, or soother (Canadian English) is a rubber, plastic, or silicone nipple given to an infant or other young child to suck upon. In its standard appearance it has a teat, mouth shield, and handle. The mouth shield and/or the handle is large enough to avoid the danger of the child choking on it or swallowing it. ==History== Pacifiers were cited for the first time in medical literature in 1473, being described by German physician Bartholomäus Metlinger in his book ''Kinderbüchlein'', retitled on later editions as ''Regiment der jungen Kinder'' ("A Guide on Young Children"). In England in the 17th–19th centuries, a ''coral'' meant a teething toy made of coral, ivory or bone, often mounted in silver as the handle of a rattle.〔 ''OED''; (Examples from the Metropolitan ) 〕 A museum curator has suggested that these substances were used as "sympathetic magic"〔(Victoria & Albert Museum of Childhood ). Vam.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2013-04-14.〕 and that the animal bone could symbolize animal strength to help the child cope with pain. Pacifiers were a development of hard teething rings, but they were also a substitute for the softer ''sugar tits'', ''sugar-teats'' or ''sugar-rags''〔''Oxford English Dictionary'' 〕 which had been in use in 19th century America. A writer in 1873 described a "sugar-teat" made from "a small piece of old linen" with a "spoonful of rather sandy sugar in the center of it", "gathered ... up into a little ball" with a thread tied tightly around it.〔Jamieson, Cecilia Viets (1873) (''Ropes of Sand'' ). Chapter 2: Top's baby. Letrs.indiana.edu. Retrieved on 2013-04-14.〕 Rags with foodstuffs tied inside were also given to babies in many parts of Northern Europe and elsewhere. In some places a lump of meat or fat was tied in cloth, and sometimes the rag was moistened with brandy. German-speaking areas might use ''Lutschbeutel'', cloth wrapped around sweetened bread or maybe poppy-seeds. A Madonna and child painted by Dürer in 1506〔(Madonna and Siskin ). Wga.hu. Retrieved on 2013-04-14.〕 shows one of these tied-cloth "pacifiers" in the baby's hand. Pacifiers were settling into their modern form around 1900 when the first teat, shield and handle design was patented in the US as a "baby comforter" by Manhattan pharmacist Christian W. Meinecke.〔 (Design Patent number D33,212 ) C.W.Meinecke Sep 18 1900〕 Rubber had been used in flexible teethers sold as "elastic gum rings" for British babies in the mid-19th century,〔(The history of the feeding bottle ). babybottle-museum.co.uk〕 and also used for feeding-bottle teats. In 1902, Sears, Roebuck & Co. advertised a "new style rubber teething ring, with one hard and one soft nipple".〔 And in 1909 someone calling herself "Auntie Pacifier" wrote to the ''New York Times'' to warn of the "menace to health" (she meant dental health) of "the persistent, and, among poorer classes, the universal sucking of a rubber nipple sold as a 'pacifier'."〔Auntie Pacifier (July 2, 1909) (The "Pacifier" a Menace to Health ). ''New York Times''. 〕 In England too, dummies were seen as something the "poorer classes" would use, and associated with poor hygiene. In 1914 a London doctor complained about "the dummy teat": "If it falls on the floor it is rubbed momentarily on the mother's blouse or apron, lipped by the mother and replaced in the baby's mouth."〔(''British Journal of Nursing: The Midwife'' Aug 7 1915 ). (PDF) . Retrieved on 2013-04-14.〕 Early pacifiers were manufactured with a choice of black, maroon or white rubber, though the white rubber of the day contained a certain amount of lead. ''Binky'' (with a ''y'') was first used in about 1935 as a trademarked brand name for pacifiers and other baby products manufactured by the Binky Baby Products Company of New York. The brand name is currently owned by Playtex Products, LLC as a trademark in the U.S. (and a number of other countries).〔(According to trademark registration documents 1948 ). Uspto.gov. Retrieved on 2013-04-14.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pacifier」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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