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|Section2= |Section3= }} Palytoxin is an intense vasoconstrictor,〔 and is considered to be one of the most toxic non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice. Palytoxin is a natural compound, (chemically a fatty alcohol) that is produced by several marine species and can be found in many more species due to a process known as biomagnification. Palytoxin was originally isolated in 1971 in Hawaii from the seaweed-like coral "limu-make-o-Hana" (Seaweed of Death from Hana). Later, in 1982 its full chemical structure was published by Prof. Daisuke Uemura and co-workers at Nagoya University.〔Chemical Society of Japan, et al. (2005). "CSJ Award-2005 Prof. Daisuke Uemura" Retrieved on 24 July 2007 from (http://www.chemistry.or.jp/csj-en/membership/awards/achieve/2005-uemura.html ) Chemical Soc. of Japan, Prof. D. Uemura〕〔Chemical Society of Japan, et al. (2005), -- "''Its structural determination presented many difficulties. Dr. Uemura elucidated its planar structure in 1981 by repeatedly carrying out site-specific oxidative degradation and determined the structure of the degraded products using a sample that was originally isolated from Palythoa tuberculosa of Okinawa() origin.''"〕 Yoshito Kishi's group at Harvard University first synthesized palytoxin in 1994. Palytoxin targets the sodium-potassium pump protein by locking it into a position where it allows passive transport of both sodium and potassium ions, thereby destroying the ion gradient that is essential for most cells. Because palytoxin affects every cell in the body, the symptoms are very different for the various routes of exposure. The most common exposure in humans is by ingestion or inhalation. The onset of symptoms is rapid, and death usually follows quickly. ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「palytoxin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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