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pancartes
''Pancartes'' were medieval historical documents, drawn up by a monastery, that recorded a sequence of gifts to the monastery. They were created in order that the whole group of grants or gifts could be confirmed by the ruler.〔Van Houts "Historical Writing" ''Companion to the Anglo-Norman World'' p. 117〕 They are known from Normandy and other northern French regions.〔 Sometimes they were created over a number of years as successive gifts were added to the original document. Generally the various grants were tied together with a narrative, usually quite short, that linked the various gifts to a short history of the religious house.〔Chibnall "Charter and Chronicle" ''Church and Government'' p. 11〕 These documents were a frequent product of monastic houses in Normandy during the early 11th century and afterwards. Normally, they were not a product of the lay administration's chanceries, but came from ecclesiastical sources.〔
The historian David Bates has argued that the term ''pancartes'' has been overused in historical studies, pointing out that the strict definition of the term is "a charter which reproduces the text of more than one charter". The important point to Bates is that the document duplicates the original diplomatic of the copied charter.〔Bates "Introduction" ''Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum'' p. 22〕
Sometimes the ''pancarte'' was recopied after a number of additions had been made to the original, and this could occasionally lead to errors in chronology, as the additions to the original might have been made without respect to the actual order of the donations.〔 The historian Marjorie Chibnall states that the medieval historian Orderic Vitalis used now lost ''pancartes'' of various Norman monastic houses as sources for his historical writings.〔Chibnall "Charter and Chronicle" ''Church and Government'' pp. 12–13〕 The surviving ''pancartes'' are important not only for their recording of now-lost charters, but also for understanding the history of historical writing.〔
The practice of writing ''pancartes'' influenced English monasteries, which were in contact with Norman houses after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Post-Conquest cartularies, such as ''Hemming's Cartulary'', bear many similarities to the Norman ''pancartes''.〔 Later, in the reign of King Henry II of England, the monastic writers Benedict of Peterborough, Roger of Howden, and Ralph Diceto also built on the ''pancarte'' when they inserted documents into their narratives, although their connecting stories were much more elaborate than many other ''pancartes''.〔Van Houts "Historical Writing" ''Companion to the Anglo-Norman World'' p. 120〕
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