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panpsychism
In philosophy, panpsychism is the view that consciousness, mind or soul (psyche) is a universal and primordial feature of all things. Panpsychists see themselves as minds in a world of minds.
Panpsychism is one of the oldest philosophical theories, and has been ascribed to philosophers like Thales, Plato, Spinoza, Leibniz and William James. Panpsychism can also be seen in eastern philosophies such as Vedanta and Mahayana Buddhism. During the 19th century, Panpsychism was the default theory in philosophy of mind, but it saw a decline during the middle years of the 20th century with the rise of logical positivism.〔 The recent interest in the hard problem of consciousness has once again made panpsychism a widespread theory.
==Etymology==
The term "panpsychism" has its origins with the Greek term πᾶν ''pan'', meaning "throughout" or "everywhere", and ψυχή ''psyche'', meaning "soul" as the unifying center of the mental life of us humans and other living creatures."〔Clarke, D.S. ''Panpsychism: Past and Recent Selected Readings''. State University of New York Press, 2004, p. 1.〕 Psyche comes from the Greek word ψύχω (''psukhō'', "I blow") and can mean life, soul, mind, spirit, heart and 'life-breath'. The use of ''psyche'' is controversial due to it being synonymous with ''soul'', a term usually taken to have some sort of supernatural quality; more common terms now found in the literature include mind, mental properties, mental aspect, and experience.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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