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Pantomime (informally panto) is a type of musical comedy stage production, designed for family entertainment. It was developed in England and is still performed there, generally during the Christmas and New Year season and, to a lesser extent, in other English-speaking countries. Modern pantomime includes songs, slapstick comedy and dancing, employs gender-crossing actors, and combines topical humour with a story loosely based on a well-known fairy tale.〔Reid-Walsh, Jacqueline. "Pantomime", ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature'', Jack Zipes (ed.), Oxford University Press (2006), ISBN 9780195146561.〕 It is a participatory form of theatre, in which the audience is expected to sing along with certain parts of the music and shout out phrases to the performers. Pantomime has a long theatrical history in Western culture dating back to classical theatre, and it developed partly from the 16th century commedia dell'arte tradition of Italy, as well as other European and British stage traditions, such as 17th-century masques.〔 An important part of the pantomime, until the late 19th century, was the harlequinade. Outside Britain, the word "pantomime" is usually used to mean miming, rather than the theatrical form discussed here.〔''Webster's New World Dictionary'', World Publishing Company, 2nd College Edition, 1980, p. 1027.〕 ==History== The word "pantomime" comes from the Greek word ''παντόμιμος'' (''pantomimos''), meaning pantomimic actor, consisting of ''παντο-'' (''panto-'') meaning "all", and ''μῖμος'' (''mimos'') meaning "imitator" or "actor",〔Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott. (παντόμιμος ), ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', Perseus Digital Library, accessed 16 November 2013.〕 via the Latin word ''pantomīmus''.〔''Oxford English Dictionary'' ''s.v.'' '(pantomime )'〕 A "pantomime" in Ancient Greece was originally a group who "imitates all" accompanied by sung narrative and instrumental music, often played on the flute. The word later came to be applied to the performance itself.〔There is a detailed description of ancient pantomime performance in Apuleius ''Metamorphoses'', 10,29 ff.〕 The pantomime was a popular form of entertainment in ancient Greece and later, Rome. Like theatre, it encompassed the genres of comedy, including the bawdy, and tragedy. No ancient pantomime libretto has survived. Nonetheless, notable ancient poets such as Lucan wrote for the pantomime.〔Vacca, ''Life of Lucan'', p. 336.〕 The rhetorician and satirist Lucian wrote a work called ''On Pantomime''.〔Lucian. ''Περὶ Ὀρχήσεως'' (Latin: ''De Saltatione'').〕 In a speech of the late 1st century AD now lost, the orator Aelius Aristides condemned the pantomime for its erotic content and the effeminacy of its dancing.〔Mesk, J., ''Des Aelius Aristides Rede gegen die Tänzer'', WS 30 (1908).〕 In the Middle Ages, the Mummers Play was a traditional English folk play performed during the festive gatherings of both urban and rural communities and contained many of the archetypal elements of the contemporary pantomime such as stage fights, coarse humour and fantastic creatures. Gender role reversal reflected the old festival of Twelfth Night, a combination of Epiphany and midwinter feast, when it was customary for the natural order of things to be reversed. The pantomime horse may also be related to the Grey Mare of the early British cult of the goddess Epona in Wales, Devon, Cornwall (see Obby Oss), Brittany and other parts of England. Precursors of pantomime also included the masque, which grew in pomp and spectacle from the 15th to the 17th centuries. Italian masque performances in the 17th century sometimes included the Harlequin character.〔Broadbent, chapter 10.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pantomime」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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