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A paracosm is a detailed imaginary world created inside one's mind. This fantasy world may involve humans, animals, and things that exist in reality; or it may also contain entities that are entirely imaginary, alien, and otherworldly. Commonly having its own geography, history, and languages, the experience of such a paracosm is often developed during childhood and continues over a long period of time: months or even years. == Origin and usage == The concept was first described by a researcher for the BBC, Robert Silvey, with later research by British psychiatrist Stephen A. MacKeith, and British psychologist David Cohen. The term "paracosm" was coined by Ben Vincent, a participant in Silvey's 1976 study and a self-professed paracosmist.〔The Paracosm: a special form of fantasy, in Morrison, D.C. (Ed.), ''Organizing Early Experience: Imagination and cognition in Childhood''. New York: Baywood, 1998.〕〔David Cohen and Stephen MacKeith, ''The Development of Imagination: The Private Worlds of Childhood'' (Concepts in Developmental Psychology). Routledge, 1992.〕 〔Christine Alexander, "Playing the author: children's creative writing, paracosms and the construction of family magazines." In Kate Darian-Smith, Carla Pascoe (eds.), ''Children, Childhood and Cultural Heritage''. Routledge, 2013.〕 Psychiatrists Delmont Morrison and Shirley Morrison mention paracosms and "paracosmic fantasy" in their book ''Memories of Loss and Dreams of Perfection'', in the context of people who have suffered the death of a loved one or some other tragedy in childhood. For such people, paracosms function as a way of processing and understanding their early loss.〔Morrison, Delmont C. and Shirley L., ''Memories of Loss and Dreams of Perfection: Unsuccessful Childhood Grieving and Adult Creativity''. Baywood, 2005. ISBN 0-89503-309-7.〕 They cite James M. Barrie, Isak Dinesen and Emily Brontë as examples of people who created paracosms after the deaths of family members. Literary historian Joetta Harty connects paracosm play with imperialism in her writings on the Brontës, Thomas De Quincey and Hartley Coleridge.〔Joetta Harty, (The islanders: Mapping paracosms in the early writing of Hartley Coleridge, Thomas Malkin, Thomas De Quincey, and the Brontes. ) Dissertation, George Washington University. published Feb. 2008.〕 Dorothy and Jerome Singer reference paracosms in their studies on childhood imagination.〔Singer, Dorothy and Jerome Singer, ''The House of Make-Believe: Children's Play and the Developing Imagination''. Harvard University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-674-40875-6.〕 Marjorie Taylor is another child development psychologist who explores paracosms as part of a study on imaginary friends.〔Taylor, Marjorie, ''Imaginary Companions and the Children Who Create Them ''. Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-19-514629-8.〕 In Adam Gopnik's essay, "Bumping Into Mr. Ravioli", he consults his sister, a child psychologist, about his three-year-old daughter's imaginary friend. He is introduced to Taylor's ideas and told that children invent paracosms as a way of orienting themselves in reality.〔Gopnik, Adam, "Bumping Into Mr. Ravioli: A Theory of Busyness, and Its Hero". In ''The Best American Magazine Writing 2003'', ed. by the American Society of Magazine Editors (Harper Perennial, 2003), p. 251. Originally appeared in the ''New Yorker'' September 30, 2002, and also found in Gopnik's collection of autobiographical essays, ''Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York'' (Vintage Canada, 2007). ISBN 1-4000-7575-0.〕 Paracosms are also mentioned in articles about types of childhood creativity and problem-solving. Some scholars believe paracosm play indicates high intelligence. A Michigan State University study revealed that many MacArthur Fellows Program recipients had paracosms as children. Paracosm play is recognized as one of the indicators of a high level of creativity, which educators now realize is as important as intelligence.〔Po Bronson and Ashley Merrin, (The Creativity Crisis ). In ''Newsweek'', 2010-07-10, page found 2010-08-20.〕 In an article in the ''International Handbook on Giftedness'', Michelle Root-Bernstein writes about paracosm play as an indicator of high levels of intelligence and creativity, which may "supplement objective measures of intellectual giftedness ... as well as subjective measures of superior technical talent."〔Root-Bernstein, Michelle, "Imaginary Worldplay as an Indicator of Creative Giftedness". In the ''International Handbook on Giftedness'', ed. by Larissa Shavinina. Springer, 2009.〕 There is also a chapter on paracosm play in the 2013 textbook ''Children, Childhood and Cultural Heritage'', written by Christine Alexander. She sees it, along with independent writing, as attempts by children to create agency for themselves.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「paracosm」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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