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parakoimomenos
The ''parakoimōmenos'' ((ギリシア語:παρακοιμώμενος), literally "the one who sleeps beside (emperor's chamber )") was a Byzantine court position, usually reserved for eunuchs. Many of its holders, especially in the 9th and 10th centuries, functioned as the Byzantine Empire's chief ministers.
==History and functions==
The title was used anachronistically by various Byzantine writers for prominent eunuch court officials all the way back to Euphratas under Constantine the Great (reigned 306–337), the notorious Chrysaphius under Theodosius II (r. 408–450), or an unnamed holder under Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602). However, it was most probably created only later in the 7th century, and is first attested securely only under Leo IV the Khazar (r. 775–780), when the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor records the existence of three "''koubikoularioi'' and ''parakoimomenoi''".〔.〕〔.〕〔.〕 In the beginning, it was a modest office, given to those ''koubikoularioi'' (from Latin ''cubicularius'', denoting the eunuch servants of the emperor's "sacred bedchamber" or ''sacrum cubiculum'') who were tasked with sleeping outside the emperor's chamber during the night as a security measure. As evidenced by seals from the 7th and 8th centuries, it was usually combined with other palace functions, such as the ''epi tēs trapezēs'', and its holders held lowly dignities such as ''ostiarios''.〔〔 It is possible that in the cases where several co-emperors reigned at the same time, a ''parakoimōmenos'' would be assigned to each.〔.〕
From the mid-9th century, however, the office grew in importance, outstripping its nominal superior, the ''praipositos'', until it came to be regarded as the highest post reserved for eunuchs, with its holders raised to the dignity of ''patrikios''. Over the next two centuries, many of its holders, a few of whom were exceptionally not eunuchs, were able to use their proximity to the imperial person to exercise considerable influence. Especially during the reigns of weak or uninterested emperors, men like Samonas, Joseph Bringas and Basil Lekapenos functioned as chief ministers, while Basil the Macedonian (r. 867–886) was able to use this position to eventually usurp the throne from Michael III (r. 842–867).〔〔.〕
By the 11th century, the ''parakoimōmenos'' had assumed most of the old administrative functions of the ''praipositos'' as well. The post continued to be important in the 11th century, but seems to have declined in the 12th, when it also began to be regularly awarded—possibly as a noble title rather than an active function—to non-eunuchs as well.〔〔.〕 The post survived in the Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261) and into the Palaiologan period, where it was divided into the ''parakoimōmenos tou koitōnos'' (), who retained the duties of the ''koitōn'' (the imperial bedchamber), and the ''parakoimōmenos tēs sphendonēs'' (), who was entrusted with keeping the ''sphendonē'', the ring with the emperor's personal seal, used to seal his private correspondence. Both posts were soon transformed into proper court dignities, ranking 17th and 16th respectively in the imperial hierarchy, according to the mid-14th century author pseudo-Kodinos; at the same time, their holders ceased to be palace eunuchs, but were important noblemen and administrators like Alexios Apokaukos.〔〔.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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