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A paraspecies (a paraphyletic species) is a species, living or fossil, that gave rise to one or more daughter species without itself becoming extinct. Geographically widespread species that have given rise to one or more daughter species as peripheral isolates without themselves becoming extinct (i.e. through peripatric speciation) are examples of paraspecies.〔Ackery, P. R., and R. I. Vane-Wright. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. 425 pp.〕 Paraspecies are expected from evolutionary theory (Crisp and Chandler, 1996), and are empirical realities in many terrestrial and aquatic taxa.〔Patton, J. L., and M. F. Smith. 1989. Population structure and the genetic and morphologic divergence among pocket gopher species (Genus ''Thomomys''). Pp. 284-304 in: Speciation and its Consequences (D. Otte and J. A. Endler, eds.). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.〕〔Bell, M. A., and S. A. Foster. 1994. The Evolutionary Biology of the Threespine Stickleback. Oxford University Press, Oxford.〕〔http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~jxa4003/Publications.html〕 The evolution of the polar bear from the brown bear is a well-documented example of a living species that gave rise to another living species.〔http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Polar_bears_related_to_extinct_Irish_bears,_DNA_study_shows〕 Another example of a living paraspecies is New Zealand's North Island tuatara ''Sphenodon punctatus'', which gave rise to the Brothers Island tuatara ''Sphenodon guntheri''. ==See also== * Cladogenesis * Anagenesis, also known as "phyletic change", where no branching event occurred (of is known to have occurred) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「paraspecies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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