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parent
A parent is a caretaker of the offspring in their own species. In humans, a parent is of a child (where "child" refers to offspring, not necessarily age). A ''biological parent'' consists of a person whose gamete resulted in a child, a male through the sperm, and a female through the ovum. Parents are first-degree relatives and have 50% genetic meet. A female can also become a parent through surrogacy. Some parents may be adoptive parents, who nurture and raise an offspring, but are not actually biologically related to the child. Orphans without adoptive parents can be raised by their grandparents or other family members.
A parent can also be elaborated as an ancestor removed one generation. With recent medical advances, it is possible to have more than two biological parents.〔(UK government backs three-person IVF ) retrieved 30 June 2013〕〔The Law of Sex Discrimination - Page 374, Nadine Taub, Beth Anne Wolfson, Carla M. Palumbo〕〔Browne C. Lewis - 2012, Papa's Baby: Paternity and Artificial Insemination, Page 136〕 Examples of third biological parents include instances involving surrogacy or a third person who has provided DNA samples during an assisted reproductive procedure that has altered the recipients genetic material.〔Reproductive Technologies - Page 25, Louise I. Gerdes - 2009〕
The most common types of parents are mothers, fathers, and grandparents. A mother is "a woman in relation to a child or children to whom she has given birth."〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/mother?rskey=YplwRN&result=1 )〕 The extent to which it is socially acceptable for a parent to be involved in their offspring's life varies from culture to culture, however one that exhibits too little involvement is sometimes said to exhibit child neglect,〔Racial Disproportionality in Child Welfare - Page 2, Marian S Harris - 2014〕 while one that is too involved is sometimes said to be ''overprotective'', cosseting, nosey or intrusive.〔Evidence in the Psychological Therapies: A Critical Guidance for Practitioners, Bernard Roberts - 2005, p 149〕
==Biological and non-biological parentage==
Like mothers, fathers may be categorized according to their biological, social or legal relationship with the child. Historically, the biological relationship paternity has been determinative of fatherhood. However, proof of paternity has been intrinsically problematic and so social rules often determined who would be regarded as a father e.g. the husband of the mother.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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