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parias
In medieval Spain, ''parias'' (from medieval Latin ''pariāre'', "to make equal (account )", i.e. pay)〔("parias." ) ''Diccionario de la Lengua Española'', 22nd ed. (online).〕 were a form of tribute paid by the ''taifas'' of al-Andalus to the Christian kingdoms of the north.〔According to Catlos, 83, Arabic authors referred to the ''parias'' as a ''jizya'', the equivalent of the Islamic head tax on non-believers.〕 ''Parias'' dominated relations between the Islamic and the Christian states in the years following the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba (1031) until the reunification of Islamic Spain under the Almoravid dynasty (beginning in 1086).〔Fletcher, 7–8.〕 The ''parias'' were a form of protection money established by treaty. The payee owed the tributary military protection against foes both Islamic and Christian. Usually the original exaction was forced, either by a large ''razzia'' or the threat of one, or as the cost of supporting one Islamic party against another.〔Reilly, 9.〕 (The word "''taifa''" means "party ()" and refers to the prevalence of factionalism in Islamic Spain during the ''taifas'' era.)〔("Taifa." ) ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2009. From ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online''. Retrieved 8 August 2009.〕
==History==
The earliest evidence of ''parias'' pertains to eastern Spain, to the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona, which exacted a very early one—called the ''vetus paria'' or "old paria"—from the ''taifa'' of Zaragoza.〔 While ''parias'' may have been paid by the local Muslim leaders just west of the Llobregat after Raymond Borrel's ''razzia'' on Córdoba in 1010, the earliest ''paria'' that can be dated was collected by Raymond Berengar I of Barcelona from Lleida and Zaragoza after his attack on those territories in 1045.〔Kosto, 13.〕〔Bisson, 23–25.〕 In the 1060s he was still demanding ''parias'' from Lleida and Zaragoza, as well as the ''taifa'' of Tortosa.〔 The Aragonese king Sancho Ramírez also took ''parias'' from the king of Zaragoza's underlings at Huesca and Tudela.〔Bisson, 13.〕
In western Spain the first ruler to exact such tribute was Ferdinand I of León and Castile.〔 From at least 1060, perhaps as early as 1055, Ferdinand had been exacting ''parias'' from the ''taifas'' of Seville, Toledo, and Zaragoza, and possibly also Badajoz and Valencia.〔 In accordance with his testament, Ferdinand's ''parias'' were divided amongst his heirs along with his kingdom in December 1065: the eldest son, Sancho II, received Castile with the ''vetus paria''; the second son, Alfonso VI, received León with the ''parias'' of Toledo; and the third son, García II, received Galicia with the ''parias'' of Badajoz and Seville.〔Reilly, 9. There is no reference in Ferdinand's will to the ''paria'' from Valencia.〕 Eventually all the tribute found its way into the hands of Alfonso VI, who also exacted ''parias'' from Granada.〔 Valencia fell into the hands of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (1094), and upon recovery by the Muslims it was forced to briefly pay ''parias'' to Barcelona, payments which were later re-established by Raymond Berengar IV.〔Bisson, 33.〕 These ''parias'' were still being collected in the reign of James I the Conqueror (1213–76), who put an end to them by conquering Valencia.〔Bisson, 64.〕
Much of the wealth acquired through ''parias'' was distributed to cathedrals and monasteries, while some found its way back to the aristocracy.〔 Sometime between 1053 and 1065 Ferdinand of León pledged an annual census of 1,000 ''aurei'' for the Abbey of Cluny, a donation re-established by Alfonso VI in 1077 and then increased to 2,000 ''aurei'' in 1090 by this same monarch.〔 This, known as the "Alfonsine census", was "the biggest donation that Cluny ever received from king or layman, and it was never to be surpassed."〔Fletcher, 8, quoting Charles Julian Bishko, "Fernando I y los orígenes de la alianza castellano-leonesa con Cluny", ''Cuadernos de Historia de España'', 47–48 (1968), 107. In 1131 Henry I of England offered 100 silver marks annually, a paltry sum in light of the Leonese gold.〕 The large payments to Cluny, which financed Hugh the Great's construction of the massive third abbey church, undoubtedly helped publish the wealth of Spain throughout Europe.〔 Unfortunately for Cluny, changing conditions in Spain caused the payments to cease in 1111, and this brought on a financial crisis during the abbacies of Pons of Melgueil (1109–22) and Peter the Venerable (1122–56).〔 By 1100 the ''parias'' had decreased to a mere "trickle".〔Fletcher, 15.〕 Only in 1246, when the Kingdom of Granada, the last remaining Islamic state in Spain, agreed to pay half its annual revenue in ''parias'' to Castile, did tribute again constitute a major portion of Christian Spain's wealth.〔Hillgarth, 321. The kingdom of Granada, bloated with Muslim refugees, was prosperous, due in large part to its valuable port at Málaga and its advanced irrigation techniques that kept the Vega fertile. The king was a vassal of Castile and owed attendance at court as well as military aids, even against Islamic opponents, a grave offence to Islamic law.〕 Though the burden of these last ''parias'' was sometimes reduced to a quarter or a fifth of state revenue, the Grenadine kings were forced to tax their subjects far beyond what was permissible under Islamic law.〔
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