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A participle is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and thus plays a role similar to that of an adjective or adverb.〔(What is a participle? ) in (Glossary of linguistic terms ) at SIL International.〕 It is one of the types of nonfinite verb forms. Its name comes from the Latin ''participium'', a calque of Greek ''(unicode:metochḗ)'' "partaking" or "sharing"; it is so named because the Ancient Greek and Latin participles "share" some of the categories of the adjective or noun (gender, number, case) and some of those of the verb (tense and voice). Participles may correspond to the active voice (active participles), where the modified noun represents the agent of the action denoted by the verb—or to the passive voice (passive participles), where the modified noun represents the patient (undergoer) of that action. Participles in particular languages are also often associated with certain verbal aspects or tenses. The two types of participle in English are traditionally called the present participle (forms such as ''writing'', ''singing'' and ''raising''; these same forms also serve as gerunds and verbal nouns) and the past participle (forms such as ''written'', ''sung'' and ''raised''; regular participles such as the last, as well as some irregular ones, have the same form as the finite past tense). In some languages, participles can be used in the periphrastic formation of compound verb tenses, aspects, or voices. For example, one of the uses of the English present participle is to express continuous aspect (as in ''John is working''), while the past participle can be used in expressions of perfect aspect and passive voice (as in ''Anne has written'' and ''Bill was killed''). A verb phrase based on a participle and having the function of a participle is called a participle phrase or participial phrase (''participial'' is the adjective derived from ''participle''). For example, ''looking hard at the sign'' and ''beaten by his father'' are participial phrases based respectively on an English present participle and past participle. Participial phrases generally do not require an expressed grammatical subject; therefore such a verb phrase also constitutes a complete clause (one of the types of nonfinite clause). As such, it may be called a participle clause or participial clause. (Occasionally a participial clause does include a subject, as in the English nominative absolute construction ''The king having died, ...'' .) ==Types of participle== Participles are often identified with a particular tense, as with the English present participle and past participle (see under below). However, this is often a matter of convention; present participles are not necessarily associated with the expression of present time, or past participles necessarily with past time. Participles may also be identified with a particular voice: active or passive. Some languages (such as Latin and Russian) have distinct participles for active and passive uses. In English the present participle is essentially an active participle, while the past participle has both active and passive uses. The following examples illustrate this: *I saw John eating his dinner. (''eating'' is an active participle; the modified noun ''John'' is understood as the agent) *I have eaten my dinner. (perfect construction; ''eaten'' is an active participle here) *The fish was eaten by lions. (here ''eaten'' is a passive participle; ''the fish'' is understood as the patient, i.e. to undergo the action) A distinction is also sometimes made between adjectival participles and adverbial participles. An adverbial participle (or a participial phrase/clause based on such a participle) plays the role of an adverbial (adverb phrase) in the sentence in which it appears, whereas an adjectival participle (or a participial phrase/clause based on one) plays the role of an adjective phrase. Some languages have different forms for the two types of participle; such languages include Russian〔(The Russian Participles ). Part of “An Interactive On-line Reference Grammar — Russian” by Dr. Robert Beard.〕 and other Slavic languages, Hungarian, and many Eskimo languages, such as Sireniki,〔Menovshchikov, G.A.: Language of Sireniki Eskimos. Phonetics, morphology, texts and vocabulary. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow • Leningrad, 1964. Original data: Г.А. Меновщиков: Язык сиреникских эскимосов. Фонетика, очерк морфологии, тексты и словарь. Академия Наук СССР. Институт языкознания. Москва • Ленинград, 1964〕 which has a sophisticated participle system. Details can be found in the sections below or in the articles on the grammars of specific languages. Some descriptive grammars treat adverbial and adjectival participles as distinct lexical categories, while others include them both in a single category of participles.〔 Sometimes different names are used; adverbial participles in certain languages may be called converbs, gerunds, or gerundives (though this is not consistent with the meanings of the terms ''gerund'' or ''gerundive'' as normally applied to English or Latin), or transgressives. Sometimes adjectival participles come to be used as pure adjectives, without any verbal characteristics (''deverbal adjectives''). They then no longer take objects or other modifiers typical of verbs, possibly taking instead modifiers that are typical of adjectives, such as the English word ''very''. The difference is illustrated by the following examples: *The subject interesting him at the moment is Greek history. *Greek history is an interesting subject. In the first sentence ''interesting'' is used as a true participle; it acts as a verb, taking the object ''him'', and forming the participial phrase ''interesting him at the moment'', which then serves as an adjective phrase modifying the noun ''subject''. However, in the second sentence ''interesting'' has become a pure adjective; it stands in an adjective's typical position before the noun, it can no longer take an object, and it could be accompanied by typical adjective modifiers such as ''very'' or ''quite'' (or in this case the prefix ''un-''). Similar examples are "''interested'' people", "a ''frightened'' rabbit", "''fallen'' leaves", "''meat-eating'' animals". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「participle」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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