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pasha
Pasha or pascha (, (トルコ語:paşa)), formerly anglicized as bashaw, was a higher rank in the Ottoman Empire political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals and dignitaries and others. As an honorary title, ''Pasha'', in one of its various ranks, is similar to a British peerage or knighthood, and was also one of the highest titles in pre-republican Egypt. There were three ranks of pashas: the first, or highest class, had the privilege of bearing a standard of three horse-tails, the second of two, and the third of one.〔(The empires and cities of Asia (1873) ) by Forbes, A. Gruar. Page 188〕
== Etymology ==
Popular view connects it with Turkish ''baş(-ı)'' ('head'; ''cf.'' "başkan", "president" or "başkent", "capital"),〔Etymonline.com, s.v. ("pasha" ).〕 or the similar-sounding compound ''baş-ağa'' (the title of an official). Etymologist Sevan Nişanyan rejects both these explanations and instead derives it from Turkish ''beşe'' ('boy, prince'), which is cognate with Persian ''baççe'' ().〔Sevan Nişanyan, ''Sözlerin Soyağaçı: Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimolojik Sözlüğü'' (trees of words: Etymologicial Dictionary of Contemporary Turkish' ), s.v. ("paşa" ).〕 Old Turkish had no fixed distinction between /b/ and /p/, and the word was spelled ''başa'' still in the 15th century.
As first used in western Europe, the title appeared in writing with the initial "b". The English forms ''bashaw'', ''bassaw'', ''bucha'' etc., general in the 16th and 17th century, derive through the medieval Latin and Italian word ''bassa''. Due to the Ottoman presence in the Arab World, the title became used frequently in Arabic, though pronounced as ''basha'' due to the absence of the sound "p" in Arabic.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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