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In the material culture of classical antiquity, a phiale or patera〔There is no meaningful distinction between the two terms: Nancy Thompson de Grummond and Erika Simon, ''(The Religion of the Etruscans )'' (University of Texas Press, 2006), p. 171; Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, ''(North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies )'' (Brill, 2001), p. 239; Rabun Taylor, ''(The Moral Mirror of Roman Art )'' (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 104, 269; Rebecca Miller Ammerma, ''(The Sanctuary of Santa Venera at Paestum )'' (University of Michigan Press, 2002), pp. 64, 66.〕 ((:ˈpatera)) is a shallow ceramic or metal libation bowl. It often has a bulbous indentation (''omphalos'', "bellybutton") in the center underside to facilitate holding it, in which case it is sometimes called a mesomphalic phiale. It typically has no handles, and no feet. (A drinking cup with handles is a kylix. A circular platter with a pair of C-handles is not a patera, but a few ''paterae'' have a single long straight handle.) Although the two terms may be used interchangeably, particularly in the context of Etruscan culture, ''phiale'' is more common in reference to Greek forms, and ''patera'' in a Roman setting. File:Antalya Museum - Elmali Silberschale.jpg|Silver phiale (620-590 BC, from Bayindir village, Elmali, present-day Turkey File:Phiale Louvre L210.jpg|Octopus and dolphin motifs on a ceramic phiale (510–500 BC, from Eretria, Euboea) File:Met, greek, gold phiale, 4-3rd cventury BC 01.JPG|Golden phiale (4th–3rd century BC) File:Sofia_-_Panagyurishte_Thracian_Gold_Treasure_cutout.jpg|Golden phiale from the Panagyurishte Treasure, Bulgaria (4th-3rd century BC, possibly by Thracian kings) File:Pátera ibera de Perotito (M.A.N. 1917-39-1) 01.jpg|Silver patera from Hispania (Roman Spain), 2nd–1st century BC) File:Silver Patera.JPG|Silver patera from Syria decorated with gods and legendary figures from the founding of Rome, 2nd Century AD, in the British Museum〔(British Museum Collection )〕 File:Eze Phiale.jpg|Antique silver phiale, one of three, found at Èze in southern France and dating to 300 BC (British Museum) ==Use== Libation was a central and vital aspect of ancient Greek religion, and one of the simplest and most common forms of religious practice.〔Louise Bruit Zaidman and Pauline Schmitt Pantel, ''Religion in the Ancient Greek City'', translated by Paul Cartledge (Cambridge University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1989 in French), p. 28.〕 It is one of the basic religious acts that define piety in ancient Greece, dating back to the Bronze Age and even prehistoric Greece.〔Walter Burkert, ''Greek Religion'' (Harvard University Press, 1985, originally published 1977 in German), pp. 70, 73.〕 Libations were a part of daily life, and the pious might perform them every day in the morning and evening, as well as to begin meals.〔Hesiod, ''Works and Days'' 724–726; Zaidman and Pantel, ''Religion in the Ancient Greek City'', p. 39.〕 A libation most often consisted of mixed wine and water, but could also be unmixed wine, honey, oil, water, or milk.〔Zaidman and Pantel, ''Religion in the Ancient Greek City'', p. 40; Burkert, ''Greek Religion,'' pp. 72–73.〕 The form of libation called ''spondē'' is typically the ritualized pouring of wine from a jug or bowl held in the hand. The most common ritual was to pour the liquid from an ''oinochoē'' (wine jug) into a phiale.〔Zaidman and Pantel, ''Religion in the Ancient Greek City'', p. 40.〕 Libation generally accompanied prayer.〔Burkert, ''Greek Religion'', pp. 70–71.〕 The Greeks stood when they prayed, either with their arms uplifted, or in the act of libation with the right arm extended to hold the phiale.〔William D. Furley, "Prayers and Hymns," in ''A Companion to Greek Religion'' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), p. 127; Jan N. Bremmer, "Greek Normative Animal Sacrifice," p. 138 in the same volume.〕 After the wine offering was poured from the phiale, the remainder of the contents was drunk by the celebrant.〔Zaidman and Pantel, ''Religion in the Ancient Greek City'', p. 40.〕 In Roman art, the libation is shown performed at an altar, ''mensa'' (sacrificial meal table), or tripod. It was the simplest form of sacrifice, and could be a sufficient offering by itself.〔Katja Moede, "Reliefs, Public and Private," in ''A Companion to Roman Religion'' (Blackwell, 2007), pp. 165, 168.〕 The introductory rite ''(praefatio)'' to an animal sacrifice included an incense and wine libation onto a burning altar.〔Moede, "Reliefs, Public and Private," pp. 165, 168; Nicole Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Related Beliefs," in ''A Companion to Roman Religion'', p. 280.〕 Both emperors and divinities are frequently depicted, especially on coins, pouring libations from a patera.〔Jonathan Williams, "Religion and Roman Coins," in ''A Companion to Roman Religion'', pp. 153–154.〕 Scenes of libation and the patera itself commonly signify the quality of ''pietas'', religious duty or reverence.〔John Scheid, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors," in ''A Companion to Roman Religion,'' p. 265.〕 File:Libation Macron Louvre G149.jpg|Libation at a symposium (Attic red-figure cup, ca. 480 BC) File:Apollo black bird AM Delphi 8140.jpg|Apollo pouring a libation (Attic white-ground kylix, ca. 460 BC) File:Etruscan - Priest - Walters 541088.jpg|Etruscan priest with phiale (2nd century BC) File:RMW - Opfernder Togatus.jpg|Roman priest, ''capite velato'' (2nd–3rd century AD) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「patera」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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