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Pathos (, ; plural: ''pathea''; (ギリシア語:πάθος), for "suffering" or "experience;" adjectival form: 'pathetic' from ) represents an appeal to the emotions of the audience, and elicits feelings that already reside in them. Pathos is a communication technique used most often in rhetoric (where it is considered one of the three modes of persuasion, alongside ethos and logos), and in literature, film and other narrative art. Emotional appeal can be accomplished in a multitude of ways: * by a metaphor or storytelling, common as a hook, * by passion in the delivery of the speech or writing, as determined by the audience. * Personal anecdote ==Aristotle’s text on ''pathos''== In Aristotle's ''Rhetoric'', he identifies three artistic modes of persuasion, one of which was “awakening emotion (''pathos'') in the audience so as to induce them to make the judgment desired.”〔Aristotle, and George Alexander Kennedy. Aristotle On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse. New York: Oxford UP, 1991. Print. p.119〕 In the first chapter he includes the way in which “men change their opinion in regard to their judgment. As such emotions have specific causes and effects” (Book 2.1.2–3).〔 Aristotle identifies ''pathos'' as one of the three essential modes of proof by his statement that “to understand the emotions---that is, to name them and describe them, to know their causes and the way in which they are excited (1356a24-1356a25).〔 Aristotle posits that, alongside ''pathos'', the speaker must deploy good ethos in order to establish credibility (Book 2.1.5–9).〔 Aristotle details what individual emotions are useful to a speaker (Book 2.2.27).〔 In doing so, Aristotle focused on whom, toward whom, and why stating that "It is not enough to know one or even two of these points; unless we know all three, we shall be unable to arouse anger in anyone. The same is true of the other emotions." He also arranges the emotions with one another so that they may counteract one another. For example, one would pair sadness with happiness (Book 2.1.9).〔 With this understanding, Aristotle argues for the rhetor to understand the entire situation of goals and audiences to decide which specific emotion the speaker would exhibit or call upon in order to persuade the audience. Aristotle’s theory of pathos has three main foci: the frame of mind the audience is in, the variation of emotion between people, and the influence the rhetor has on the emotions of the audience. Aristotle classifies the third of this trio as the ultimate goal of pathos. Similarly, Aristotle outlines the individual importance of persuasive emotions, as well as the combined effectiveness of these emotions on the audience. Moreover, Aristotle pointedly discusses pleasure and pain in relation to the reactions these two emotions cause in an audience member.〔 According to Aristotle, emotions vary from person to person, therefore he stresses the importance of understanding specific social situations in order to successfully utilize pathos as a mode of persuasion.〔 Here, pathos becomes a mode of persuasion and it is from this point of view that Aristotle defines all that is related to pathos, such as the emotions that are appealed through speech making, as persuasive technique. To further his theory, Aristotle identifies the introduction and the conclusion as the two most important places for an emotional appeal in any persuasive argument.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pathos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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