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patikulamanasikara
''Paikkūlamanasikāra'' (variant: ''paikūlamanasikāra'')〔The Sinhalese SLTP Tipitaka and Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-5), p. 393, spell this term ''paikkūlamanasikāra'' (with two k's) while the Burmese CSCD tipitaka and VRI (1996), p. 10, spell it ''paikūlamanasikāra'' (with one k).〕 is a Pāli term that is generally translated as "reflections on repulsiveness". It refers to a traditional Buddhist meditation whereby thirty-one parts of the body are contemplated in a variety of ways. In addition to developing sati (mindfulness) and samādhi (concentration), this form of meditation is considered conducive to overcoming desire and lust. Along with cemetery contemplations, this type of meditation is one of the two meditations on "the foul"/unattractiveness (Pāli: ''asubha'').〔Nanamoli (1998), p. 110, ''n''. 16, which references the Anapanasati Sutta and the Visuddhimagga, Ch. VI, VIII.〕
==Translation==
''Paikkūla'' (Pāli) literally means "against" (''pai'') "the slope" or "embankment" (''kūla'') and has been translated adjectivally as "averse, objectionable, contrary, disagreeable" and, in its nounal form, as "loathsomeness, impurity".〔See, e.g., Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-5), p. 393, entry for "Paikkūla" (retrieved 2008-02-02 at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:1052.pali).〕
''Manasikāra'' (Pāli), derived from ''manasi'' (locative of ''mana'' thus, loosely, "in mind" or "in thought") and ''karoti'' ("to make" or "to bring into") and has been translated as "attention" or "pondering" or "fixed thought".〔See, e.g., Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-5), p. 521, entry "Mano & Mana(s)" (retrieved 2008-02-02 at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3860.pali), and pp. 197-8, entry for "Karoti" (retrieved 2008-02-03 at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:367.pali). Similarly, the core Buddhist notion of ''yoniso manasikāra'' has been translated as "careful attention".〕
In contemporary translations, the compound term ''paikkūla-manasikāra'' is generally translated as "reflections on repulsiveness" or, adding contextual clarity at the expense of literal accuracy, "reflections on repulsiveness of the body".〔See, e.g., Nyanasatta (1994); Soma (2003), pp. 3, 100; VRI (1996), pp. 10, 11.〕 Alternate translations include "attention directed to repulsiveness"〔Buddhaghosa (1999), pp. 235 (Vism. VIII, 42), 236 (Vism. VIII, 43). On p. 243 (Vism. VIII, 80), Nanmoli uses a variant translation: "giving attention to repulsivenes".〕 and "realisation of the impurity of the body".〔Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-5), p. 393, entry for "Paikkūla" (retrieved 2008-02-02 at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:1052.pali).〕
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