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Patina ( or ) is a thin layer that variously forms (a small amount of surface rust, without pitting) on the surface of stone; on copper, bronze and similar metals (such as any ferrous metals, i.e. steels and irons) (tarnish produced by oxidation (rust) or other chemical processes); on wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing); or any such acquired change of a surface through age and exposure. Patinas can provide a protective covering to materials that would otherwise be damaged by corrosion or weathering. They may also be aesthetically appealing. On metal, patina is a coating of various chemical compounds such as oxides, carbonates, sulfides, or sulfates formed on the surface during exposure to atmospheric elements (oxygen, rain, acid rain, carbon dioxide, sulfur-bearing compounds), a common example of which is rust which forms on iron or steel when exposed to oxygen. Patina also refers to accumulated changes in surface texture and colour that result from normal use of an object such as a coin or a piece of furniture over time.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Finish issues with regard to copper sinks )〕 Archaeologists also use the term ''"patina''" to refer to a corticated layer that develops over time that is due to a range of complex factors on flint tools and ancient stone monuments.〔 This has led stone tool analysts in recent times to generally prefer the term ''"cortification"'' as a better term to describe the process than ''"patination"''. In geology and geomorphology, the term ''"patina''" is used to refer to discolored film or thin outer layer produced either on or within the surface of a rock or other material by either the development of a weathering rind within the surface of a rock, the formation of desert varnish on the surface of a rock, or combination of both. It also refers to development as the result of weathering of a case-hardened layer, called ''"cortex''" by geologists, within the surface of either a flint or chert nodule.〔Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005) ''Glossary of Geology'' (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4〕〔Twidale, CR, and JRV Romani (2005) ''Landforms and Geology of Granite Terrains.'' A.A. Balkema Publishers Leiden, The Netherlands. 330 pp. ISBN 0-41-536435-3〕 ==Etymology== The word "patina" comes from the Latin for "shallow dish". Figuratively, ''patina'' can refer to any fading, darkening or other signs of age, which are felt to be natural or unavoidable (or both). The chemical process by which a patina forms is called patination, and a work of art coated by a patina is said to be patinated. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「patina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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