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Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents, and the age limit usually ranges from birth up to 18 years of age (in some places until completion of secondary education, and until age 21 in the United States). A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician, or paediatrician. The word ''paediatrics'' and its cognates mean "healer of children"; they derive from two Greek words: (''pais'' "child") and (''iatros'' "doctor, healer"). Pediatricians work both in hospitals, particularly those working in its specialized subfields such as neonatology, and as primary care physicians who specialize in children. == History == Pediatrics is known as a new modern medicine in the society today. Hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, Soranus, and Galen, understood the differences in growing and maturing organisms that necessitated different treatment: ' ( "In general, boys should not be treated in the same way as men."Celsus〔Celsus, ''De Medicinâ'', Book 3, Chapter 7, § 1.〕).〔 Some of the oldest traces of pediatrics can be discovered in Ancient India where children's doctors were called as ''kumara bhrtya''.〔 ''Sushruta Samhita'' an ayurvedic text, composed during the sixth century BC contains the text about pediatrics. Another ayurvedic text from this period is ''Kashyapa Samhita''. A second century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist Soranus of Ephesus dealt with neonatal pediatrics.〔P.M. Dunn, "Soranus of Ephesus (circa AD 98-138) and perinatal care in Roman times", ''Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal'', 1995 July; 73(1): F51–F52.()〕 Byzantine physicians Oribasius, Aëtius of Amida, Alexander Trallianus, and Paulus Aegineta contributed to the field.〔 The Byzantines also built ''brephotrophia'' (crêches).〔 Islamic writers served as a bridge for Greco-Roman and Byzantine medicine and added ideas of their own, especially Haly Abbas, Serapion, Avicenna, and Averroes. The Persian scholar and doctor al-Razi (865–925) published a short treatise on diseases among children.〔U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts, Al-Razi, the Clinician" ()〕 The first book about pediatrics was ''Libellus () de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium'' 1472 ("Little Book on Children Diseases and Treatment"), by the Italian pediatrician Paolo Bagellardo.〔"''(Achar S Textbook Of Pediatrics (Third Edition) )''". A. B. Desai (ed.) (1989). p.1. ISBN 81-250-0440-8〕 In sequence came Bartholomäus Metlinger's ''Ein Regiment der Jungerkinder'' 1473, Cornelius Roelans (1450-1525) no title Buchlein, or Latin compendium, 1483, and Heinrich von Louffenburg (1391-1460) ''Versehung des Leibs'' written in 1429 (published 1491), together form the ''Pediatric Incunabula'', four great medical treatises on children's physiology and pathology.〔 The Swedish physician Nils Rosén von Rosenstein (1706–1773) is considered to be the founder of modern pediatrics as a medical specialty, while his work ''The diseases of children, and their remedies'' (1764) is considered to be "the first modern textbook on the subject". Pediatrics as a specialized field of medicine continued to develope in the mid-19th century; Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919) is known as the father of pediatrics in the USA because of his many contributions to the field.〔"''(Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing )''". Nancy T. Hatfield (2007). p.4. ISBN 0-7817-7706-2〕 He was born in Germany, where he received his medical training, but later practiced in New York City. The first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the ''Hôpital des Enfants Malades'' (French: Hospital for Sick Children), which opened in Paris in June 1802 on the site of a previous orphanage. From its beginning, this famous hospital accepted patients up to the age of fifteen years, and it continues to this day as the pediatric division of the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, created in 1920 by merging with the physically contiguous ''Necker Hospital'', founded in 1778. In other European countries, the Charité (a hospital founded in 1710) in Berlin established a separate Pediatric Pavilion in 1830, followed by similar institutions at Sankt Petersburg in 1834, and at Vienna and Breslau (now Wrocław), both in 1837. In 1852 Britain's first pediatric hospital, the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Streets.〔 The first Children's hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in Edinburgh. In the US, the first similar institutions were the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, which opened in 1855, and then Boston Children's Hospital (1869). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pediatrics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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