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Penjing (), also known as penzai (), tray landscape, potted scenery, potted landscape, or miniature trees and rockery, is the ancient Chinese art of depicting artistically formed trees, other plants, and landscapes in miniature. Penjing generally fall into one of three categories: * Tree Penjing (''shumu penjing''): A tree penjing focuses on the depiction of one or more trees and optionally other plants in a container, with the composition's dominant elements shaped by the creator through trimming, pruning, and wiring. * Landscape Penjing (''shanshui penjing''): A landscape penjing depicts a miniature landscape by carefully selecting and shaping rocks, which are usually placed in a container in contact with water. Small live plants are placed within the composition to complete the depiction. * Water and Land Penjing (''shuihan penjing''): This style of penjing effectively combines the first two, including miniature trees and optionally miniature figures and structures to portray a landscape in detail. Similar practices exist in other cultures, including the Japanese traditions of ''bonsai'' and ''saikei'', as well as the miniature living landscapes of Vietnamese ''hòn non bộ''. Generally speaking, tree ''penjing'' specimens differ from ''bonsai'' by allowing a wider range of tree shapes (more "wild-looking") and by planting them in bright-colored and creatively shaped pots. In contrast, ''bonsai'' are more simplified in shape (more "refined" in appearance) with larger-in-proportion trunks, and are planted in unobtrusive, low-sided containers with simple lines and muted colors. While ''saikei'' depicts living landscapes in containers, like water and land ''penjing'', it does not use miniatures to decorate the living landscape. ''Hòn non bộ'' focuses on depicting landscapes of islands and mountains, usually in contact with water, and decorated with live trees and other plants. Like water and land ''penjing'', ''hòn non bộ'' specimens can feature miniature figures, vehicles, and structures. Distinctions among these traditional forms have been blurred by some practitioners outside of Asia, as enthusiasts explore the potential of local plant and pot materials without strict adherence to traditional styling and display guidelines. == History == Classical Chinese gardens often contain arrangements of miniature trees and rockeries known as penjing. These creations of carefully pruned trees and rocks are small-scale renditions of natural landscapes. They are often referred to as living sculptures or as three-dimensional poetry. Their artistic composition captures the spirit of nature and distinguishes them from ordinary potted plants. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「penjing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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