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Peranakan Chinese and Baba-Nyonya are the descendants of Chinese immigrants who came to the Malay archipelago and British Malaya (now Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore) between the 15th and 17th centuries. Members of this community in Malaysia address themselves as "Baba Nyonya". Nyonya is the term for the women and Baba for the men. It applies especially to the Han populations of the British Straits Settlements of Malaya and the Dutch-controlled island of Java and other locations, who have adopted Nusantara customs — partially or in full — to be somewhat assimilated into the local communities. Many were the elites of Singapore, more loyal to the British than to China. Most have lived for generations along the straits of Malacca. They were usually traders, the middleman of the British and the Chinese, or the Chinese and Malays, or vice versa because they were mostly English educated. Because of this, they almost always had the ability to speak two or more languages. While the term ''Peranakan'' is most commonly used to refer to those of Chinese descent also known as Straits Chinese (named after the Straits Settlements; in Chinese; ''Tionghoa-Selat'' or ''Tionghoa Peranakan'' in Indonesian; ''Phuket Baba'' among Thais in Phuket, Thailand〔), there are also other, comparatively smaller ''Peranakan'' communities, such as Indian Hindu Peranakans (Chitty), Arab/Indian Muslim Peranakans (Jawi Pekan) (Jawi being the Javanised Arabic script, ''Pekan'' a colloquial contraction of ''Peranakan'') and Eurasian Peranakans (Kristang〔Sadaoh Nasution, ''Kamus Umum Lengkap: Inggris-Indonesia Indonesia-Inggris'', University of California: 1989: 562 pages〕) (Kristang = Christians of Portuguese and Asian ancestry).〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Peranakan Museum )〕 The group has parallels to the Cambodian Hokkien, who are descendants of Hoklo Chinese, and the ''Pashu'' of Myanmar, a Burmese word for the Peranakan or Straits Chinese who have settled in Myanmar.〔http://www.acm.org.sg/exhibitions/564.html〕 They maintained their culture partially despite their native language gradually disappearing a few generations after settlement. ==Terminology== In both Malay and Indonesian, the word ''Peranakan'' means "descendant" — with no connotation of the ethnicity of descent unless followed by a subsequent qualifying noun, such as for example ''Peranakan Tionghoa/Cina'' (Chinese descendants), ''Jawi Peranakan'' (Arab descendents), or ''Peranakan Belanda'' (Dutch descendants).〔Harimurti Kridalaksana, ''Kamus Sinonim Bahasa Indonesia'', Nusa Indah: 1974: 213 pages〕 ''Peranakan'' has the implied connotation of referring to the ancestry of great-grandparents or of more-distant ancestors.〔 Peranakan Chinese commonly refer to themselves as Baba-Nonya. The term ''Baba'' is an honorific for Straits Chinese men. It originated as a Hindustani (originally Persian) loan-word borrowed by Malay speakers as a term of affection for one's grandparents, and became part of the common vernacular. Female Straits-Chinese descendants were either called or styled themselves ''Nyonyas''. ''Nyonya'' (also spelled ''nyonyah'' or ''nonya'') is a Malay and Indonesian honorific used to refer to a foreign married lady. It is a loan word, possibly borrowed from the Italian ''nonna'' (''grandma''), or more likely from the Portuguese word for lady ''donha''. Because Malays at that time had a tendency to address all foreign women (and perhaps those who appeared foreign) as ''nyonya'', they used that term for Straits-Chinese women as well. It gradually became more exclusively associated with them.〔Joo Ee Khoo, ''The Straits Chinese: a cultural history'', Pepin Press: 1996 ISBN 90-5496-008-6: 288 pages〕〔Soeseno Kartomihardjo, ''Ethnography of Communicative Codes in East Java'' Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University: 1981: ISBN 0-85883-255-0: 212 pages: 96〕 Straits-Chinese were defined as those born or living in the Straits Settlements: a British colonial construct of Penang, Malacca and Singapore constituted in 1826.〔 Straits Chinese were not considered Baba Nyonya unless they displayed certain Sino-Malay syncretic attributes.〔Keat Gin Ooi, ''Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor'' ABC-CLIO: 2004: ISBN 1-57607-770-5: 1791 pages〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「peranakan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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