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Periodinanes are chemical compounds containing hypervalent iodine. These iodine compounds are hypervalent because the iodine atom in it contains more than the 8 electrons in the valence shell required for the octet rule. When iodine is complexed with a monodentate electronegative ligand such as chlorine, iodine compounds occur with a +3 oxidation number as iodine(III) or λ3-iodanes or as a +5 oxidation number as iodine(V) or λ5-iodanes. Iodine itself contains 7 valence electrons and in a λ3-iodane three more are donated by the ligands making it a decet structure. λ5-iodanes are dodecet molecules. In an ordinary iodine compound such as iodobenzene the number of valence electrons is eight as expected. In order to get from iodine to a hypervalent iodine compound it gets oxidized with removal of first 3 electrons and then 5 electrons. The ligands in turn contribute electrons pairs and form coordinate covalent bonds by adding a total of 6 or 10 electrons back to iodine. In the L-I-N notation L stands for the number of electrons donated by ligands and N the number of ligands. ==Periodinane compounds== The concept of hypervalent iodine was developed by J.J. Musher in 1969. In order to accommodate the excess of electrons in hypervalent compounds the 3-center-4-electron bond was introduced in analogy with the 3-center-2-electron bond observed in electron deficient compounds. One such bond exists in iodine(III) compounds and two such bonds reside in iodine(V) compounds. The first hypervalent iodine compound, (dichloroiodo)benzene (C6H5Cl2I) was prepared in 1886 by the German chemist Conrad Willgerodt 〔C. Willgerodt, Tageblatt der 58. Vers. deutscher Naturforscher u. Aertzte, Strassburg 1885.〕 by passing chlorine gas through iodobenzene in a cooled solution of chloroform. :C6H5I + Cl2 → C6H5ICl2 λ3-iodanes such as diarylchloroiodanes have a pseudotrigonal bipyramidal geometry displaying apicophilicity with a phenyl group and a chlorine group at the apical positions and other phenyl group with two lone pair electrons in the equatorial positions. The λ5-iodanes such as the Dess-Martin periodinane have square pyramidal geometries with 4 heteroatoms in basal positions and one apical phenyl group. Classical organic procedures exist for the preparation of iodosobenzene diacetate from peracetic acid and acetic acid. :C6H5I + CH3COOOH → C6H5I(OOCCH3)2 Phenyliodine bis(trifluoroacetate), PIFA, or (bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene is a related compound based on trifluoroacetic acid Phenyliodine diacetate, PIDA, is an organic reagent used as an oxidizing agent. This is suitable for cleaving glycols and alpha-hydroxy ketones in ring opening and Mannich reaction. The acetate can be hydrolysed with water to iodoxybenzene or iodylbenzene C6H5O2I This compound was first prepared by Willgerodt by disproportionation of iodosylbenzene under steam distillation to iodylbenzene and iodobenzene :2 PhIO → PhIO2 + PhI is a known oxidizing agent. Iodosobenzene diacetate can also be hydrolyzed to iodosylbenzene with sodium hydroxide which is actually a polymer with the molecular formula (C6H5OI)n. Iodosylbenzene is used in organic oxidations. Dess-Martin periodinane (1983) is another powerful oxidant and an improvement of the IBX acid already in existence in 1983. The IBX acid is prepared from 2-iodobenzoic acid and potassium bromate and sulfuric acid and is insoluble in most solvents whereas the Dess-Martin reagent prepared from reaction of the IBX acid with acetic anhydride is very soluble. The oxidation mechanism ordinarily consists of a ligand exchange reaction followed by a reductive elimination. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「periodinane」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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