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pesher
''Pesher'' ((ヘブライ語:פשר), pl. ''pesharim'' from a Hebrew word meaning "interpretation" in the sense of "solution") is an interpretive commentary on scripture, especially one in Hebrew. It became known from one group of texts, numbering some hundreds, among the Dead Sea Scrolls.
The ''pesharim'' give a theory of scriptural interpretation, previously partly known, but now fully defined. The writers of ''pesharim'' believe that scripture is written in two levels: the surface for ordinary readers with limited knowledge, the concealed one for specialists with higher knowledge. This is most clearly spelled out in the Habakkuk Pesher (1QpHab), where the author of the text asserts that God has made known to the Teacher of Righteousness, a prominent figure in the history of the Essene community, "all the mysteries of his servants the prophets" (1QpHab VII:4-5). By contrast, the prophets themselves only had a partial interpretation revealed to them.
==Types of ''pesharim''==
There are generally considered to be two types of ''pesharim''. Continuous pesharim take a book of the Hebrew Bible, often from the prophets, such as those of Habakkuk, Nahum, or from the Psalms, quote it phrase by phrase, and after each quotation insert an interpretation. The second type, the thematic pesharim, use the same method, but here the author (or ''pesharist'') brings together passages from different biblical texts to develop a theme. Examples of the latter include the ''Florilegium'' and what has been termed the ''Melchizedek Midrash''. Smaller examples of pesher interpretations can also be found within other texts from Qumran, including the Damascus Document. The method has been likened to later forms of rabbinic biblical interpretation found in the Midrash, termed ''midrash aggadah'' and ''midrash halakhah'', although there are some significant differences. William Brownlee, the author of a textual study of the Habakkuk Pesher, even proposed a third category of midrash, ''midrash pesher''. In general, however, scholars are divided as to whether the pesharim are a distinct genre.
The term ''pesher'' itself is used within these texts as a ''terminus technicus'' (although this is a gross simplification) to differentiate between the biblical text and its interpretation. Typical examples include: "its interpretation is/concerns" (''pishro''/''pishro al''); and "the interpretation of the word/passage is" (''pesher ha-davar''). It has been suggested that the Semitic root derives from a base meaning of "loosen" and a similar term appears in the Hebrew Bible in connection with the interpretation of dreams. The Ancient Near Eastern roots are fully discussed by Maurya Horgan in her comprehensive study of the pesharim.
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