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Phimosis ( or 〔''OED'' 2nd edition, 1989 as .〕〔(Entry "phimosis" ) in ''(Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary )''.〕), from the Greek ''phimos'' ((unicode:φῑμός) ()), is a condition of the penis where the foreskin cannot be fully retracted over the glans penis. The term may also refer to clitoral phimosis in women, whereby the clitoral hood cannot be retracted, limiting exposure of the glans clitoridis. At birth, the foreskin is fused to the glans and is not retractable. Huntley ''et al.'' state that "non-retractability can be considered normal for males up to and including adolescence."〔 Normal developmental non-retractability does not cause any problems. Phimosis is deemed pathological when it causes problems, such as difficulty urinating or performing common sexual functions. There are numerous causes of so-called pathological phimosis. Nonsurgical treatment involves the stretching of the foreskin, steroid creams and changing masturbation habits. Surgical treatments include preputioplasty and circumcision. ==Signs and symptoms== At birth, the inner layer of the foreskin is sealed to the glans penis. This attachment forms "early in fetal development and provide() a protective cocoon for the delicate developing glans." The foreskin is usually non-retractable in infancy and early childhood,〔 and can be as late as 18. Medical associations advise not to retract the foreskin of an infant, in order to prevent scarring. Some argue that non-retractability may "be considered normal for males up to and including adolescence." Hill states that full retractability of the foreskin may not be achieved until late childhood or early adulthood. A Danish survey found that the mean age of first foreskin retraction is 10.4 years. Rickwood, as well as other authors, has suggested that true phimosis is over-diagnosed due to failure to distinguish between normal developmental non-retractability and a pathological condition.〔. Recent Australian statistics with good discussion of ascertainment problems arising from surgical statistics.〕〔 A review of estimated costs and complications of 3 phimosis treatments (topical steroids, praeputioplasty, and surgical circumcision). The review concludes that topical steroids should be tried first, and praeputioplasty has advantages over surgical circumcision. This article also provides a good discussion of the difficulty distinguishing pathological from physiological phimosis in young children and alleges inflation of phimosis statistics for purposes of securing insurance coverage for post-neonatal circumcision in the United States.〕 Some authors use the terms "physiologic" and "pathologic" to distinguish between these types of phimosis; others use the term "non-retractile foreskin" to distinguish this developmental condition from pathologic phimosis.〔 In some cases a cause may not be clear, or it may be difficult to distinguish physiological phimosis from pathological if an infant appears to be in pain with urination or has obvious ballooning of the foreskin with urination or apparent discomfort. However, ballooning does not indicate urinary obstruction. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「phimosis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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