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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク photodetection ： ウィキペディア英語版 photodetection In his historic paper entitled "The Quantum Theory of Optical Coherence,"〔R. J. Glauber, Phys. Rev. 130, 2529 (1963).〕 Roy J. Glauber set a solid foundation for the quantum electronics/quantum optics enterprise. The experimental development of the optical maser and later laser at that time had made the classical concept of optical coherence inadequate. Glauber started from the quantum theory of light detection by considering the process of photoionization in which a photodetector is triggered by an ionizing absorption of a photon. In the quantum theory of radiation, the electric field operator in the Coulomb gauge may be written as the sum of positive and negative frequency parts : $E\; (\backslash mathbf,\; t)\; =\; E^(\backslash mathbf,\; t)\; +\; E^(\backslash mathbf,\; t)$ where : $E^(\backslash mathbf,\; t)\; =\; E^(\backslash mathbf,\; t)^\backslash dagger$ One may expand $E^(\backslash mathbf,\; t)$ in terms of the normal modes as follows: : $E^(\backslash mathbf\; ,\; t)\; =\; i\backslash sum\_\backslash left(\backslash frac\backslash right)^\backslash hat\_\backslash mathbf\_e^\backslash cdot\backslash mathbf\; -\; \backslash omega\_t)\}$ where $\backslash mathbf\; \_$ are the unit vectors of polarization; this expansion has the same form as the classical expansion except that now the field amplitudes $\backslash hat\_$ are operators. Glauber showed that, for an ideal photodetector situated at a point $\backslash mathbf$ in a radiation field, the probability of observing a photoionization event in this detector between time $$ and $+\; d$ is proportional to $W\_(\backslash mathbf\; ,\; t)d$, where : $,\; t)\}\; =\backslash langle\; \backslash psi\; \backslash mid\; ,\; t)\}\; \backslash cdot$ , t)}\mid \psi \rangle and $|\backslash psi\backslash rangle$ specifies the state of the field. Since the radiation field is a quantum-mechanical one, we do not know the exact properties of the incident light, and the probability should be averaged, as in the classical theory, to be proportional to : $\backslash langle\; \backslash hat\_^\backslash dagger\backslash hat\_\; \backslash rangle$ where the angular brackets mean an average over the light field. The significance of the quantum theory of coherence is in the ordering of the ''creation'' and ''destruction'' operators $\backslash hat\_^\backslash dagger$ and $\backslash hat\_$: : $(\backslash hat\_^\backslash dagger)\; =\; 1$ Since $\backslash hat\_^\backslash dagger\backslash hat\_$ is not equal to $\backslash hat\_\backslash hat\_^\backslash dagger$ for a light field, the order makes the quantum statistical measurements (such as photon counting) quite different from the classical ones, i.e., the nonclassical properties of light, such as photon antibunching. Moreover, Glauber's theory of photodetection is of far-reaching fundamental significance to interpretation of quantum mechanics. The Glauber detection theory differs from the Born probabilistic interpretation,〔M. Born, Z. Phys. 37, 863 (1926). For an English translation, see Quantum Theory and Measurement ed. J. A. Wheeler and W. H. Zurek, Princeton Univ. Press, New Jersey, 1983, pp. 52-55.〕 in that it expresses the meaning of physical law in terms of measured facts (relationships), counting events in the detection processes, without assuming the particle model of matter. These concepts quite naturally lead to a relational approach to quantum physics. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「photodetection」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.