|
Phytotelma (plural phytotelmata) is a term for water bodies held by terrestrial plants. The water accumulated within these plants may serve as the habitat for associated fauna and flora. Often the faunae associated with phytotelmata are unique. Some species also are of great practical significance; for example, immature stages of some mosquitoes, such as some ''Anopheles'' and ''Aedes'' species that are important disease vectors, develop in phytotelmata. A rich literature in German summarised by Thienemann (1954)〔Thienemann, A. (1954). ''Chironomus'': Leben, Verbreitung und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Chironomiden. ''Binnengewässer'' 20: 1-834. 〕 developed many aspects of phytotelm biology. Reviews of the subject by Kitching (1971) and Maguire (1971)〔Maguire, B. (1971) ''Phytotelmata: Biota and community structure''. ''Annual review of Ecology and Systematics.'' 2: 439-464.〕〔Kitching, R. L. (1971) An ecological study of water-filled treeholes and their position in the woodland ecosystem. ''Journal of Animal Ecology'' 40: 281-302.〕 introduced the concept of phytotelmata to English-speaking readers. A multi-authored book edited by Frank and Lounibos (1983)〔Frank, J.H. and Lounibos, L.P. (1983) ''Phytotelmata: Terrestrial plants as hosts for aquatic insect communities'', Plexus Press. ISBN 0-937548-05-7〕 dealt in 11 chapters with classification of phytotelmata, and with phytotelmata provided by bamboo internodes, banana leaf axils, bromeliad leaf axils, ''Nepenthes'' pitchers, ''Sarracenia'' pitchers, tree holes, and ''Heliconia'' flower bracts. A classification of phytotelmata by Kitching (2000)〔Kitching, R.L. (2000). ''Food webs and container habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77316-4〕 recognizes five principal types: bromeliad tanks, certain carnivorous plants such as pitcher plants, water-filled tree hollows, bamboo internodes, and axil water (collected at the base of leaves, petals or bracts); it concentrated on food webs. A review by Greeney (2001)〔Greeney, H.F. (2001). The insects of plant-held waters: a brief review and bibliography. ''Journal of Tropical Ecology'' 17(2): 241–260. 〕 identified seven forms: tree holes, leaf axils, flowers, modified leaves, fallen vegetative parts (e.g. leaves or bracts), fallen fruit husks, and stem rots. ==Etymology== The word "phytotelma" derives from the Ancient Greek roots ''phyto-'', meaning 'plant', and ''telma'', meaning 'pond'. Thus, the correct singular is ''phytotelma''. The term was coined by L. Varga in 1928.〔Varga, L. (1928). Ein interessanter Biotop der Biocönose von Wasserorganism. ''Biologische Zentralblatt'' 48: 143–162.〕 The correct pronunciation is phytotēlma and phytotēlmata because of the Greek origin (the stressed vowels are here written as ē). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「phytotelma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|