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Poaching has traditionally been defined as the illegal hunting, killing, or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with land use rights.〔 〕 Until the 20th century, mostly impoverished peasants poached for subsistence purposes, thus supplementing meager diets. By contrast, stealing domestic animals (as in cattle raiding, for example) classifies as theft, not as poaching. Since the 1980s, the term "poaching" has also referred to the illegal harvesting of wild plant species. In 1998 environmental scientists from the University of Massachusetts Amherst proposed the concept of poaching as an environmental crime, defining any activity as illegal that contravenes the laws and regulations established to protect renewable natural resources including the illegal harvest of wildlife with the intention of possessing, transporting, consuming or selling it and using its body parts. They considered poaching as one of the most serious threats to the survival of plant and animal populations.〔 Wildlife biologists and conservationists consider poaching to have a detrimental effect on biodiversity both within and outside protected areas as wildlife populations decline, species are depleted locally, and the functionality of ecosystems is disturbed.〔Lindsey, P., Balme, G., Becker, M., Begg, C., Bento, C., Bocchino, C., Dickman, A., Diggle, R., Eves, H., Henschel, P., Lewis, D., Marnewick, K., Mattheus, J., McNutt, J. W., McRobb, R., Midlane, N., Milanzi, J., Morley, R., Murphree, M., Nyoni, P., Opyene, V., Phadima, J., Purchase, N., Rentsch, D., Roche, C., Shaw, J., van der Westhuizen, H., Van Vliet, N., Zisadza, P. (2012). ''Illegal hunting and the bush-meat trade in savanna Africa: drivers, impacts and solutions to address the problem''. Panthera, Zoological Society of London, Wildlife Conservation Society report, New York.〕 ==Acts of poaching== Violations of hunting laws and regulations concerning wildlife management, local or international wildlife conservation schemes constitute wildlife crimes that are typically punishable.〔Musgrave, R. S., Parker, S. and Wolok, M. (1993). ''Status of Poaching in the United States – Are We Protecting Our Wildlife?'' Natural Resources Journal 33 (4): 977–1014.〕〔Oldfield, S. (ed.) (2002). ''The Trade in Wildlife: Regulation for Conservation''. Earthscan Publications Ltd., London.〕 The following violations and offenses are considered acts of poaching in the USA: * Hunting, killing or collecting wildlife that is listed as endangered by IUCN and protected by law such as the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and international treaties such as CITES.〔 * Fishing and hunting without a license.〔 * Capturing wildlife outside legal hours and outside the hunting season;〔〔 usually the breeding season is declared as the closed season during which wildlife is protected by law. * Prohibited use of machine guns, poison, explosives, snare traps, nets and pitfall traps.〔 * Prohibited use of baiting with food, decoys or recorded calls in order to increase chances for shooting wildlife.〔 * Hunting from a moving vehicle or aircraft.〔 * Canned hunting is a particularly inhumane type of poaching wildlife as it often involves illegal activities such as trapping, caging, drugging animals, or cutting their feet with razor blades.〔 * Shining deer with a spotlight at night to impair its natural defenses and thus facilitate an easy kill is considered animal abuse. This hunting method is illegal in California, Virginia, Connecticut, Florida and Tennessee.〔 * Taking wildlife on land that is restricted, owned by or licensed to somebody else. * The animal or plant has been tagged by a researcher. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「poaching」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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