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''Podocarpus'' (;〔''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607〕 from the Greek, ''podos'', meaning "foot", and ''karpos'', meaning "fruit") is a genus of conifers, the most numerous and widely distributed of the podocarp family, Podocarpaceae. ''Podocarpus'' are evergreen shrubs or trees usually from 1 to 25 meters tall, known to reach 40 meters at times. The leaves are 0.5 to 15 cm long, lanceolate to oblong or falcate (sickle-shaped) in some species, with a distinct midrib. They are arranged spirally, though in some species twisted to appear in two horizontal ranks. The cones have two to five fused scales, of which only one, rarely two, are fertile, each fertile scale has one apical seed. At maturity, the scales become berry-like, swollen, brightly coloured red to purple and fleshy, and are eaten by birds which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. The male (pollen) cones are 5 to 20 mm long, often clustered several together. Many species, though not all, are dioecious. There are approximately 104 to 107 species in the genus.〔(''Podocarpus''. ) The Gymnosperm Database. 2013.〕〔Ornelas, J. F., et al. (2010). (Phylogeography of ''Podocarpus matudae'' (Podocarpaceae): pre-Quaternary relicts in northern Mesoamerican cloud forests. ) ''Journal of Biogeography'' 37, 2384-96.〕〔Barker, N. P., et al. (2004). (A yellowwood by any other name: molecular systematics and the taxonomy of ''Podocarpus'' and the Podocarpaceae in southern Africa. ) ''South African Journal of Science'' 100(11 & 12), 629-32.〕 ''Podocarpus'' and the Podocarpaceae were endemic to the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, which broke up into Africa, South America, India, Australia-New Guinea, New Zealand, and New Caledonia between 105 and 45 million years ago. ''Podocarpus'' is a characteristic tree of the Antarctic flora, which originated in the cool, moist climate of southern Gondwana, and elements of the flora survive in the humid temperate regions of the former supercontinent. As the continents drifted north and became drier and hotter, Podocarps and other members of the Antarctic flora generally retreated to humid regions, especially in Australia, where sclerophyll genera like ''Acacia'' and ''Eucalyptus'' became predominant. The flora of Malesia, which includes the Malay peninsula, Indonesia, the Philippines, and New Guinea, is generally derived from Asia, but includes many elements of the old Gondwana flora, including several other genera in the Podocarpaceae (''Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Falcatifolium, Nageia, Phyllocladus,'' and the Malesian endemic ''Sundacarpus''), and also ''Agathis'' in the Araucariaceae. ==Classification== There are two subgenera, subgenus ''Podocarpus'' and subgenus ''Foliolatus'', distinguished by cone and seed morphology. In ''Podocarpus'', the cone is not subtended by lanceolate bracts, and the seed usually has an apical ridge. Species are distributed in the temperate forests of Tasmania, New Zealand, and southern Chile, with a few occurring in the tropical highlands of Africa and the Americas. In ''Foliolatus'', the cone is subtended by two lanceolate bracts ("foliola"), and the seed usually lacks an apical ridge. The species are tropical and subtropical, concentrated in eastern and southeastern Asia and Malesia, overlapping with subgenus ''Podocarpus'' in northeastern Australia and New Caledonia. Species in family Podocarpaceae have been reshuffled a number of times based on genetic and physiological evidence, with many species formerly assigned to genus ''Podocarpus'' now assigned to other genera. A sequence of classification schemes have moved species between ''Nageia'' and ''Podocarpus'', and in 1969 de Laubenfels divided the huge genus ''Podocarpus'' into ''Dacrycarpus, Decussocarpus'' (an invalid name he later revised to the valid ''Nageia''), ''Prumnopitys'', and ''Podocarpus''. Some species of genus ''Afrocarpus'' were formerly in ''Podocarpus'', such as ''Afrocarpus gracilior''. ;Species * Subgenus ''Podocarpus'' * * section ''Podocarpus'' (eastern and southern Africa) * * * ''Podocarpus elongatus'' * * * ''Podocarpus latifolius'' * * *''Podocarpus falcatus'' * * section ''Scytopodium'' (Madagascar, eastern Africa) * * * ''Podocarpus capuronii'' * * * ''Podocarpus henkelii'' * * * ''Podocarpus humbertii'' * * * ''Podocarpus madagascariensis'' * * * ''Podocarpus rostratus'' * * section ''Australis'' (southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, southern Chile) * * * ''Podocarpus alpinus'' * * * ''Podocarpus cunninghamii'' * * * ''Podocarpus gnidioides'' * * * ''Podocarpus lawrencei'' * * * ''Podocarpus nivalis'' * * * ''Podocarpus nubigenus'' * * * ''Podocarpus totara'' * * section ''Crassiformis'' (northeast Queensland) * * * ''Podocarpus smithii'' * * section ''Capitulatis'' (central Chile, southern Brazil, the Andes from northern Argentina to Ecuador) * * * ''Podocarpus glomeratus'' * * * ''Podocarpus lambertii'' * * * ''Podocarpus parlatorei'' * * * ''Podocarpus salignus'' * * * ''Podocarpus sellowii'' * * * ''Podocarpus sprucei'' * * * ''Podocarpus transiens'' * *section ''Pratensis'' (southeast Mexico to Guyana and Peru) * * * ''Podocarpus oleifolius'' * * * ''Podocarpus pendulifolius'' * * * ''Podocarpus tepuiensis'' * *section ''Lanceolatis'' (southern Mexico, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles, Venezuela to highland Bolivia) * * * ''Podocarpus coriaceus'' * * * ''Podocarpus matudai'' * * * ''Podocarpus rusbyi'' * * * ''Podocarpus salicifolius'' * * * ''Podocarpus steyermarkii'' * *section ''Pumilis'' (southern Caribbean islands and Guyana highlands) * * * ''Podocarpus angustifolius'' * * * ''Podocarpus aristulatus'' * * * ''Podocarpus buchholzii'' * * * ''Podocarpus roraimae'' * * * ''Podocarpus urbanii'' * *section ''Nemoralis'' (central and northern South America, south to Bolivia) * * * ''Podocarpus brasiliensis'' * * * ''Podocarpus celatus'' * * * ''Podocarpus guatemalensis'' * * * ''Podocarpus magnifolius'' * * * ''Podocarpus purdieanus'' * * * ''Podocarpus trinitensis'' * Subgenus ''Foliolatus'' * * section ''Foliolatus'' (Nepal to Sumatra, Philippines, and New Guinea to Tonga) * * * ''Podocarpus archboldii'' * * * ''Podocarpus beecherae'' * * * ''Podocarpus borneensis'' * * * ''Podocarpus deflexus'' * * * ''Podocarpus insularis'' * * * ''Podocarpus levis'' * * * ''Podocarpus neriifolius'' * * * ''Podocarpus novae-caledoniae'' * * * ''Podocarpus pallidus'' * * * ''Podocarpus rubens'' * * * ''Podocarpus spathoides'' * * section ''Acuminatus'' (northern Queensland, New Guinea, New Britain, Borneo) * * * ''Podocarpus dispermus'' * * * ''Podocarpus ledermannii'' * * * ''Podocarpus micropedunculatus'' * * section ''Globulus'' (Taiwan to Vietnam, Sumatra and Borneo, and New Caledonia) * * * ''Podocarpus annamiensis'' * * * ''Podocarpus globulus'' * * * ''Podocarpus lucienii'' * * * ''Podocarpus nakai'' * * * ''Podocarpus sylvestris'' * * * ''Podocarpus teysmannii'' * *section ''Longifoliolatus'' (Sumatra and Borneo, East to Fiji) * * * ''Podocarpus atjehensis'' * * * ''Podocarpus bracteatus'' * * * ''Podocarpus confertus'' * * * ''Podocarpus decumbens'' * * * ''Podocarpus degeneri'' * * * ''Podocarpus gibbsii'' * * * ''Podocarpus longefoliolatus'' * * * ''Podocarpus polyspermus'' * * * ''Podocarpus pseudobracteatus'' * * * ''Podocarpus salomoniensis'' * *section ''Gracilis'' (southern China, across Malesia to Fiji) * * * ''Podocarpus affinis'' * * * ''Podocarpus glaucus'' * * * ''Podocarpus lophatus'' * * * ''Podocarpus pilgeri'' * * * ''Podocarpus rotundus'' * * section ''Macrostachyus'' (Southeast Asia to New Guinea) * * * ''Podocarpus brassii'' * * * ''Podocarpus brevifolius'' * * * ''Podocarpus costalis'' * * * ''Podocarpus crassigemmis'' * * * ''Podocarpus tixieri'' * * section ''Rumphius'' (Hainan, south through Malesia to northern Queensland) * * * ''Podocarpus grayii'' * * * ''Podocarpus laubenfelsii'' * * * ''Podocarpus rumphii'' * * section ''Polystachyus'' (southern China and Japan, through Malaya to New Guinea and northeast Australia) * * * ''Podocarpus chinensis'' * * * ''Podocarpus chingianus'' * * * ''Podocarpus elatus'' * * * ''Podocarpus fasciculus'' * * * ''Podocarpus macrocarpus'' * * * ''Podocarpus macrophyllus'' * * * ''Podocarpus polystachyus'' * * * ''Podocarpus ridleyi'' * * * ''Podocarpus subtropicalis'' * * section ''Spinulosus'' (Southeast and southwest coasts of Australia) * * * ''Podocarpus drouynianus'' * * * ''Podocarpus spinulosus'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「podocarpus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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