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Posthumanism or post-humanism (meaning "after humanism" or "beyond humanism") is a term with five definitions: #Antihumanism: any theory that is critical of traditional humanism and traditional ideas about humanity and the human condition.〔J. Childers/G. Hentzi eds., ''The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism'' (1995) p. 140-1〕 #Cultural posthumanism: a branch of cultural theory critical of the foundational assumptions of Renaissance humanism and its legacy. that examines and questions the historical notions of “human” and "human nature”, often challenging typical notions of human subjectivity and embodiment 〔Miah, A. (2008) A Critical History of Posthumanism. In Gordijn, B. & Chadwick R. (2008) Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity. Springer, pp.71-94).〕 and strives to move beyond archaic concepts of "human nature" to develop ones which constantly adapt to contemporary technoscientific knowledge. #Philosophical Posthumanism: a philosophical direction which draws on cultural posthumanism, the philosophical strand examines the ethical implications of expanding the circle of moral concern and extending subjectivities beyond the human species 〔 #Posthuman Condition: the deconstruction of the human condition by critical theorists. #Transhumanism: an ideology and movement which seeks to develop and make available technologies that eliminate aging and greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities, in order to achieve a "posthuman future". #AI takeover: A more pessimistic alternative to transhumanism in which humans will not be enhanced, but rather eventually ''replaced'' by artificial intelligences as a result of technological capitalism. Some neoreactionary philosophers, including Nick Land, promote the view that humans should embrace and accept their eventual demise. #Voluntary Human Extinction, which seeks a "posthuman future" that in this case is a future ''without humans''. ==Philosophical posthumanism== Schatzki ()〔Schatzki, T.R. 2001. Introduction: Practice theory, in ''The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory'' eds. Theodore R.Schatzki, Karin Knorr Cetina & Eike Von Savigny.〕 suggests there are two varieties of posthumanism of the philosophical kind: One, which he calls 'objectivism', tries to counter the overemphasis of the subjective or intersubjective that pervades humanism, and emphasises the role of the nonhuman agents, whether they be animals and plants, or computers or other things. A second prioritizes practices, especially social practices, over individuals (or individual subjects) which, they say, constitute the individual. There may be a third kind of posthumanism, propounded by the philosopher Herman Dooyeweerd. Though he did not label it as 'posthumanism', he made an extensive and penetrating immanent critique of Humanism, and then constructed a philosophy that presupposed neither Humanist, nor Scholastic, nor Greek thought but started with a different ground motive.〔http://www.dooy.info/ground.motives.html〕 Dooyeweerd prioritized law and meaningfulness as that which enables humanity and all else to exist, behave, live, occur, etc. "''Meaning'' is the ''being'' of all that has been ''created''," Dooyeweerd wrote (I, 4 ),〔 Dooyeweerd, H. (1955/1984). A new critique of theoretical thought (Vols. 1-4). Jordan Station, Ontario, Canada: Paideia Press.〕 "and the nature even of our selfhood." Both human and nonhuman alike function subject to a common ('law-side' ), which is diverse, composed of a number of distinct law-spheres or ''aspects''. The temporal being of both human and non-human is multi-aspectual; for example, both plants and humans are bodies, functioning in the biotic aspect, and both computers and humans function in the formative and lingual aspect, but humans function in the aesthetic, juridical, ethical and faith aspects too. The Dooyeweerdian version is able to incorporate and integrate both the objectivist version and the practices version, because it allows nonhuman agents their own subject-functioning in various aspects and places emphasis on aspectual functioning (see (his radical notion of subject-object relations )). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「posthumanism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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