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A powiat (pronounced ; Polish plural: ''powiaty'') is the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture (LAU-1, formerly NUTS-4) in other countries. The term "''powiat''" is most often translated into English as "county". A ''powiat'' is part of a larger unit, the voivodeship (Polish ''województwo'') or province. A ''powiat'' is usually subdivided into ''gmina''s (in English, often referred to as "communes" or "municipalities"). Major towns and cities, however, function as separate counties in their own right, without subdivision into ''gmina''s. They are termed "city counties" (''powiaty grodzkie'' or, more formally, ''miasta na prawach powiatu'') and have roughly the same status as former county boroughs in the UK. The other type of ''powiat''s are termed "land counties" (''powiaty ziemskie''). As of 2008, there were 379 ''powiat''-level entities: 314 land counties, and 65 city counties. For a complete alphabetical listing, see "List of Polish counties". For tables of counties by voivodeship, see the articles on the individual voivodeships (e.g., Greater Poland Voivodeship). ==History== The history of Polish ''powiat''s goes back to the second half of the 14th century. They remained the basic unit of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's partitioning in 1795. In the 19th century, the ''powiat''s continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire ("Congress Poland")—the equivalent of the Russian "''uyezd''" and the Ukrainian "''povit''"—and, in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Poznań, as the Polish equivalent of the German "''Kreis''". After Poland regained independence in 1918, the ''powiat''s were again the second-level territorial units. ''Powiat''s were abolished in 1975 in favor of a larger number of voivodeships, but were reintroduced on 1 January 1999. This reform also created 16 larger voivodeships. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「powiat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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