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Praxeology (Gr. ''πρᾶξις (praxis)'' ″action″, ''λόγος (logos)'' ″talk, speech″) is the deductive study of human action based on the notion that humans engage in purposeful behavior, as opposed to reflexive behavior like sneezing and inanimate behavior. According to its theorists, with the action axiom as the starting point, it is possible to draw conclusions about human behavior that are both objective and universal. For example, the notion that humans engage in acts of choice implies that they have preferences, and this must be true for anyone who exhibits intentional behavior. The most common use of the term is in connection with the Austrian School of Economics, as established by economist Ludwig von Mises. ==Origin and etymology== Coinage of the word ''praxeology'' is often credited to Louis Bourdeau, the French author of a classification of the sciences, which he published in his ''Théorie des sciences: Plan de Science intégrale'' in 1882:〔Bourdeau, Louis, ''Théorie des sciences: Plan de Science intégrale'', Paris, 1882, p. 463〕 However, the term was used at least once previously (with a slight spelling difference), as far back as 1608, by Clemens Timpler in his ''Philosophiae practicae systema methodicum''.〔Timpler, Clemens. ''Philosophiae practicae systema methodicum, in tres partes digestum, in quo universa probe honesteque vivendi ratio tam generatim, quam speciatim per praecepta et quaestiones breviter ac perspicue explicatur et probatur, pars prima, complectens ethicam generalem, libris IV pertractatam''. Hanoviae, Apud Gulielmum Antonio, 1608. p. 388〕 In this work, Timpler, when examining ethics, goes on to say: It was later mentioned by Robert Flint in 1904.〔Flint, Robert, ''Philosophy as Scientia Scientiarum,'' Edinburgh, 1904, esp. pp. 254–55.〕 The popular definition of this word was first given by Alfred V. Espinas (1844–1922),〔Ostrowski, Jean J., 'Notes biographiques et bibliographiques sur Alfred Espinas', ''Review Philosophique de la France et de l'Etranger'', Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, No. 3, Juillet-Septembre, 1967, pp. 385–391〕 the French philosopher and sociologist and the forerunner of the modern Polish school of the science of efficient action. The Austro-American school of economics was also based on a philosophical science of the same kind. Again in the different spelling, the word was used by the English psychologist Charles Arthur Mercier (in 1911), and then proposed by Knight Dunlap to John B. Watson as a better name for his behaviorism.〔Watson, John B., ''Behaviourism: the early years'', Volume 4〕 It was rejected by Watson, but was accepted by the Chinese physiologist of behavior, Zing-Yang Kuo (b. 1898) in 1935,〔Edited by Murchison, Carl Allanmore, ''The Journal of psychology'', Volumes 3–4, 1935〕 and mentioned by William McDougall (in 1928, and later).〔McDougall, William, ''The battle of behaviorism: an exposition and an exposure'', 1928, pg 35〕 Previously the word ''praxiology'', with the meaning Espinas gave to it, was used by Tadeusz Kotarbiński (in 1923) and some time later by several economists, such as the Ukrainian, Eugene Slutsky (1926) in his attempt to base economics on a theory of action, the Austrian Ludwig von Mises (1933), the Russian Marxist, Nikolai Bukharin (1888–1938) during the Second International Congress of History of Science and Technology in London (in 1931), and the Pole, Oscar Lange (1904–1965) in 1959, and later. The Italian philosopher, Carmelo Ottaviano, was using the Italianised version, ''prassiologia'', in his treatises starting from 1935, but in his own way, as a theory of politics. After the Second World War the use of the term ''praxeology'' spread widely. After the emigration of von Mises to America his pupil Murray Rothbard defended the praxeological approach. A revival of Espinas's approach in France was revealed in the works of Pierre Massé (1946), the eminent cybernetician, Georges Théodule Guilbaud (1953), the Belgian logician, Leo Apostel (1957), the cybernetician, Anatol Rapoport (1962), Henry Pierron, psychologist and lexicographer (1957), François Perroux, economist (1957), the social psychologist, Robert Daval (1963), the well-known sociologist, Raymond Aron (1963) and the methodologists, Abraham Antoine Moles and Roland Caude (1965). Under the influence of Tadeusz Kotarbiński, praxeology flourished in Poland. A special 'Centre of Praxeology' (''Zaklad Prakseologiczny'') was created under the organizational guidance of the Polish Academy of Sciences, with its own periodical (from 1962), called at first ''Materiały Prakseologiczne'' (''Praxeological Papers''), and then abbreviated to ''Prakseologia''. It published hundreds of papers by different authors, and the materials for a special vocabulary edited by Professor Tadeusz Pszczolowski, the leading praxeologist of the younger generation. A sweeping survey of the praxeological approach is to be found in the paper by the French statistician, Micheline Petruszewycz, ''A propos de la praxéologie''.〔In 'Mathématiques et Sciences Humaines', Paris, Centre de mathématique sociale et de statistique-Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, No. 11. Ete, 1965, pp. 11–18, and a rejoinder 'Réponse a un appel' by J. Ostrowski, ''ibid'',, No. 19, Ete, 1967, pp. 21–26〕 Ludwig von Mises was influenced by several theories in forming his work on praxeology, including Immanuel Kant's works, Max Weber's work on methodological individualism, and Carl Menger's development of the subjective theory of value.〔George Selgin. ''Praxeology and Understanding: An Analysis of the Controversy in Austrian Economics'' ((pdf) ). Review of Austrian Economics 2 (1987): 22.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「praxeology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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