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A pretzel ((ドイツ語:Brezel or Breze)) is a type of baked bread product made from dough most commonly shaped into a twisty knot. Pretzels originated in Europe, most likely among monasteries in the Early Middle Ages. The traditional pretzel shape is a distinctive symmetrical looped form, with the ends of a long strip of dough intertwined and then twisted back into itself in a certain way ("a pretzel loop"). Pretzels now come in different shapes. Salt is the most common seasoning for pretzels, complementing the washing soda or lye treatment that gives pretzels their traditional "skin" and flavor through the Maillard reaction; other seasonings include sugars, chocolate, glazes, seeds, and/or nuts. == History == There are numerous accounts on the origin of pretzels, as well as the origin of the name; most agree that they have Christian backgrounds and were invented by European monks.〔 According to several sources, and ''The History of Science and Technology'', by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans, in 610 AD "...()n Italian monk invents pretzels as a reward to children who learn their prayers. He calls the strips of baked dough, folded to resemble arms crossing the chest, 'pretiola' ("little reward()")".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=how-did-the-pretzel-get-its-shape/ )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=history/Pretzel )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=pretzel-museum )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=hungry-history, twisted history )〕 An illustration from the 12th century ''Hortus deliciarum'' from Alsace may be the earliest depiction of a pretzel. Another source locates the invention in a monastery in southern France.〔 The looped pretzel may also be related to a Greek ring bread, derived from communion bread used in monasteries a thousand years ago.〔http://www.bad-bad.de/restaur/kuechenkunde/brezel.htm (in German)〕 In Germany there are stories that pretzels were the invention of desperate bakers held hostage by local Dignatories. ''Meyers Konversations-Lexikon'' from 1905 suspects the origin of pretzels in a ban of heathen baking traditions, such as in the form of a sun cross, at the Synod of Estinnes in the year 743. The pretzel may have emerged as a substitute.〔(Brezel in Meyers Konversationslexikon von 1905 bei Zeno.org ) (in German)〕 The German name "''Brezel''" may derive also from Latin ''bracellus'' (a medieval term for "bracelet"),〔E.g. ''OED'' s.v.: "(''pretzel'', ''bretzel'', in OHG. ''brizzila'' = It. ''bracciello'' Florio) a cracknel; usually taken as ad. med. L. ''bracellus'' a bracelet; also a kind of cake or biscuit (Du Cange) )"〕 or ''bracchiola'' ("little arms"). The pretzel has been in use as an emblem of bakers and formerly their guilds in southern German areas since at least the 12th century.〔 A 12th-century illustration in the ''Hortus deliciarum'' from the southwest German Alsace region (today France) may contain the earliest depiction of a pretzel. Within the Catholic Church, pretzels were regarded as having religious significance for both ingredients and shape. The knot shape has been claimed to represent hands in prayer.〔 Pretzels made with a simple recipe using only flour and water could be eaten during Lent, when Christians were forbidden to eat eggs, lard, or dairy products such as milk and butter. As time passed, pretzels became associated with both Lent and Easter. Pretzels were hidden on Easter morning just as eggs are hidden today, and are particularly associated with Lent, fasting, and prayers before Easter.〔(Catholicculture.org )〕 Like the holes in the hubs of round Swedish flat bread (which let them be hung on strings), the loops in pretzels may have served a practical purpose: bakers could hang them on sticks, for instance, projecting upwards from a central column, as shown in a painting by Job Berckheyde (1630–93) from around 1681.〔Job Berckheyde, (1630-93), ''The Baker'', c.1681 (oil on canvas) http://www.worcesterart.org/Collection/European/1975.105.html〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pretzel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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