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probiotic
Probiotics are microorganisms that are believed to provide health benefits when consumed.〔 The term probiotic is currently used to name ingested microorganisms associated with beneficial effects to humans and animals.〔Magdalena Araya, Catherine Stanton, Lorenzo Morelli, Gregor Reid, Maya Pineiro, et al., 2006, "Probiotics in food: health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation," Combined ''Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria,'' Cordoba, Arentina, 1–4 October 2001, and ''Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food,'' London, Ontario, Canada, 30 April–1 May 2002 (Food and Nutrition paper 85 ), pp. 1–50, Rome, Italy:World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (the United Nations ), ISBN 9251055130, see (), accessed 11 June 2015.〕 The term came into more common use after 1980. The introduction of the concept is generally attributed to recipient Élie Metchnikoff, who in 1907 suggested that "the dependence of the intestinal microbes on the food makes it possible to adopt measures to modify the flora in our bodies and to replace the harmful microbes by useful microbes".〔Élie (Ilyich ) Metchnikoff, 2004 (), (''The prolongation of life: Optimistic studies'' ), p. 116. Springer Classics in Longevity and Aging, New York, NY:Springer, ISBN 0826118771, reprint of 1908 English edition by É.M., same title (P. Chalmers Mitchell, Ed.), New York, NY:Putnam, ISBN 0826118763, itself a translation of 1907 French edition by I.I.M., ''Essais optimistes,'' Paris:Heinemann, Retrieved 12 November 2015.〕 A significant expansion of the potential market for probiotics has led to higher requirements for scientific substantiation of putative beneficial effects conferred by the microorganisms.〔 Studies on the medical benefits of probiotics have yet to reveal a cause-effect relationship, and their medical effectiveness has yet to be conclusively proven for most of the studies conducted thus far.
Commonly claimed benefits of probiotics include the decrease of potentially pathogenic gastrointestinal microorganisms, the reduction of gastrointestinal discomfort, the strengthening of the immune system, the improvement of the skin's function, the improvement of bowel regularity, the strengthening of the resistance to cedar pollen allergens, the decrease in body pathogens, the reduction of flatulence and bloating, the protection of DNA, the protection of proteins and lipids from oxidative damage, and the maintaining of individual intestinal microbiota in subjects receiving antibiotic treatment.
Scientific evidence to date has been insufficient to substantiate any antidisease claims or health benefits from consuming probiotics.〔
==Etymology==
Some literature gives it a full Greek etymology,〔Fuller, R., ed. (1992) Probiotics. The Scieniific Basis. Chapman & Hall, London, U.K〕 but the term appears to be a composite of the Latin preposition ''pro'' ("for") and the Greek adjective βιωτικός (''biotic''), the latter deriving from the noun βίος (''bios'', "life").
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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