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A profession is a vocation founded upon specialised educational training, the purpose of which is to supply disinterested objective counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation, wholly apart from expectation of other business gain.〔New Statesman, 21 April 1917, article by Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb quoted with approval at paragraph 123 of a report by the UK Competition Commission, dated 8 November 1977, entitled (''Architects Services'' ) (in Chapter 7).〕 The term is a truncation of the term "liberal profession", which is, in turn, an anglicisation of the French term "profession libérale". Originally borrowed by English users in the nineteenth century, it has been re-borrowed by international users from the late twentieth, though the (upper-middle) class overtones of the term do not seem to survive retranslation: “liberal professions” are, according to the Directive on Recognition of Professional Qualifications (2005/36/EC) “those practised on the basis of relevant professional qualifications in a personal, responsible and professionally independent capacity by those providing intellectual and conceptual services in the interest of the client and the public”. == History == Medieval and early modern tradition recognised only three professions: divinity, medicine and law〔 – the so-called "learned professions".〔See for example: 〕 Major milestones which may mark an occupation being identified as a profession include:〔Perks, R.W.(1993): ''Accounting and Society''. Chapman & Hall (London); ISBN 0-412-47330-5. p.2.〕 # an occupation becomes a full-time occupation # the establishment of a training school # the establishment of a university school # the establishment of a local association # the establishment of a national association # the introduction of codes of professional ethics # the establishment of state licensing laws Applying these milestones to the historical sequence of development in the United States shows surveying achieving professional status first (note that George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln all worked as land surveyors before entering politics), followed by medicine, actuarial science, law, dentistry, civil engineering, logistics, architecture and accounting.〔Perks, p.3.〕 With the rise of technology and occupational specialization in the 19th century, other bodies began to claim professional status:pharmacy, veterinary medicine, psychology, nursing, teaching, librarianship, optometry and social work, each of which could claim, using these milestones, to have become professions by 1900.〔Buckley, J.W. & Buckley, M.H. (1974): ''The Accounting Profession''. Melville, Los Angeles. Quoted by Perks, p.4.〕 Just as some professions rise in status and power through various stages, others may decline. Disciplines formalized more recently, such as architecture, now have equally long periods of study associated with them.〔''Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations and underlying assumptions shape the built environment''. Oslo School of Architecture and Design. ISBN 82-547-0174-1.〕 Although professions may enjoy relatively high status and public prestige, not all professionals earn high salaries, and even within specific professions there exist significant inequalities of compensation; in law, for example, a corporate/insurance defense lawyer working on a billable-hour basis may earn several times what a prosecutor or public defender earns. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「profession」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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