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Prohibition is the act of prohibiting the manufacturing, storage in barrels, bottles, transportation and sale of alcohol including alcoholic beverages. The term can also apply to periods in the histories of countries during which the prohibition of alcohol was enforced. ==History== The earliest records of prohibition of alcohol date to the Xia Dynasty (ca. 2070 BC–ca. 1600 BC) in China. Yu the Great, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty, prohibited alcohol throughout the kingdom.〔(Chinese Administration of Alcoholic Beverages )〕 It was legalized again after his death, during the reign of his son Qi. Another record was in the Code of Hammurabi (ca.1772 BCE) specifically banning the selling of beer for money. It could only be bartered for barley: "If a beer seller do not receive barley as the price for beer, but if she receive money or make the beer a measure smaller than the barley measure received, they shall throw her into the water." (from Pearson textbook "Arts and Culture, An Introduction to the Humanities", Volume One, Fourth Edition, Benton & DiYanni, pg. 16). In the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition movement in the Nordic countries and North America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants.〔Richard J. Jensen, ''The winning of the Midwest: social and political conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971) (pp 89-121 online )〕 Prohibition movements in the West coincided with the advent of women's suffrage, with newly empowered women as part of the political process strongly supporting policies that curbed alcohol consumption.〔Aileen Kraditor, ''The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890–1920'' (1965) pp 12–37.〕〔Anne Myra Goodman Benjamin, ''A history of the anti-suffrage movement in the United States from 1895 to 1920: women against equality'' (1991)〕 The first half of the 20th century saw periods of prohibition of alcoholic beverages in several countries: * 1907 to 1948 in Prince Edward Island,〔(Heath, Dwight B. (1995). International handbook on alcohol and culture. Westport, CT. Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 21 ) There seems to be agreement in the literature for 1948 but various dates are given for the initiation of PEI's prohibition legislation. 1907 is the latest. 1900, 1901 and 1902 are given by others.〕 and for shorter periods in other provinces in Canada * 1907 to 1992 in the Faroe Islands; limited private imports from Denmark were allowed from 1928 * 1914 to 1925〔("Sobering effect: What happened when Russia banned booze" )〕 in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union * 1915 to 1933 in Iceland (beer was still prohibited until 1989)〔Associated Press, (Beer (Soon) for Icelanders ), ''New York Times'', May 11, 1988〕 * 1916 to 1927 in Norway (fortified wine and beer were also prohibited from 1917 to 1923) * 1919 in the Hungarian Soviet Republic, March 21 to August 1; called ''szesztilalom'' * 1919 to 1932 in Finland (called ''kieltolaki'', "ban law") * 1920 to 1933 in the United States After several years, prohibition became a failure in North America and elsewhere, as rum-running became widespread and organized crime took control of the distribution of alcohol. Distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean flourished as their products were either consumed by visiting Americans or illegally exported to the United States. Chicago became notorious as a haven for prohibition dodgers during the time known as the Roaring Twenties. Prohibition generally came to an end in the late 1920s or early 1930s in most of North America and Europe, although a few locations continued prohibition for many more years. In some countries where the dominant religion forbids the use of alcohol, the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited or restricted today. For example, in Saudi Arabia and Libya alcohol is banned; in Pakistan and Iran it is illegal with exceptions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「prohibition」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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