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Propranolol is a sympatholytic nonselective beta blocker. It is used to treat high blood pressure, a number of heart dysrhythmias, thyrotoxicosis, and essential tremors.〔 It is used to prevent migraine headaches, and to prevent further heart problems in those with angina or previous heart attacks. It comes in both oral and intravenous forms.〔 It should not be used in those with an already slow heart rate and most of those with heart failure.〔 Quickly stopping the medication in those with coronary artery disease may worsen symptoms.〔 It may worsen the symptoms of asthma.〔 Common side effects include nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation.〔 Greater care is recommended in those with liver or kidney problems.〔 It may possibly cause harmful effects to the infant if taken during pregnancy. It was the first successful beta blocker developed. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system. Propranolol is available in generic form. ==Medical uses== Propranolol is indicated for the management of various conditions, including: *Hypertension *Angina pectoris (with the exception of variant angina) *Tachyarrhythmias *Myocardial infarction *Control of tachycardia/tremor associated with anxiety, panic, hyperthyroidism, or lithium therapy *Essential tremor *Migraine prevention *Cluster headache prevention *Hyperhidrosis *Proliferating infantile hemangioma *Some experimentation has been conducted in psychiatric areas: * *Treating the excessive drinking of fluids in psychogenic polydipsia * *Antipsychotic-induced akathisia * * Aggressive behavior of patients with brain injuries * *Post-traumatic stress disorder * *Calming down individuals with phobias by sedative effects * *Performance anxiety * *Facial blushing *Glaucoma *Thyrotoxicosis by deiodinase inhibition *Primary exertional headache〔(Clinical summary )〕 While once a first-line treatment for hypertension, the role for beta blockers was downgraded in June 2006 in the United Kingdom to fourth-line, as they do not perform as well as other drugs, particularly in the elderly, and evidence is increasing that the most frequently used beta blockers at usual doses carry an unacceptable risk of provoking type 2 diabetes. Propranolol is not recommended for the treatment of hypertension by the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) because a higher rate of the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke compared to an angiotensin receptor blocker was noted in one study. Propranolol is also used to lower portal vein pressure in portal hypertension and prevent esophageal variceal bleeding and ascites. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「propranolol」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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